Middle part

Question 1

describe neoantigen:

Answer 1

xenobitoic interacts or binds to a protein and you get an interaction, That protein is not recognized as “self” anymore and antigens attack it.

Question 2

what do we treat opiod overdoses with?

Answer 2

naloxone

Question 3

the role of the target molecule effect can be 1 of 2 things?

Answer 3

1. cell regulaion (signalling) 2. cell maintenance

Question 4

Impaired cellular maintenance:

Answer 4

1. mechanisms of toxic cell death 2. impaired external cellular maintenance

Question 5

examples of drugs that influence action potential

Answer 5

1. tetradoxin: toxin from the puffer fish. Bassically blocks sodium channels on the neuron and action potential is coordinated by sodium channels. 2. DDT- endocrine disruptin chemicals, it overstimulates sodium channels

Question 6

what is an example of enzymatic reactions?

Answer 6

certain venoms

Question 7

define partial agonist?

Answer 7

xenobitoic that binds to the receptor and produces a lesser/reduced response.

Question 8

what does cocaine do?

Answer 8

inhibits nor epinephrine uptake

Question 9

describe the electrochemical gradient:

Answer 9

open up the gate and let the electrons flow you create some energy and that energy along with oxygen you drive ATP synthase which converts NAD to NADH

Question 10

2 examples of things that impact receptor functions

Answer 10

1. Barbituarates (modern generation sleeping pills benzodiazepines), these drugs are agonists of GABA (Gamma-amino benzoic acid) 2. alpha-bungarotoxin (cobra venom)- binds covalently and irreversibly to nicotinic receptors (acetycholine receptors)

Question 11

what is an example of a covalent binding?

Answer 11

epoxides bind covalently to DNA and proteins and its an irreversible effect.

Question 12

Impaired cellular regulatio has 2 examples:

Answer 12

1. impiared gene expression 2. impaired ongoing cellular activity

Question 13

what are the 4 main steps for neurotransmitters?

Answer 13

1. synthesis and storage of NT 2. release of neurotransmitter 3. neurotransmitter binds to receptor 4. inactivate the neurotransmitter.

Question 14

how do you inactivate a neurotransmitter?

Answer 14

can be edgraded or the neurotransmitter can be recycled and re-used and taken back up in the pre synaptic neuron

Question 15

what are the three types of enzyme inhibition:

Answer 15

1. competitive- non covalent 2. non-competitive- non covalent 3. suicide inhibition- covalent

Question 16

describe hydrogen abstraction:

Answer 16

the xenobitoic removes a hydrogen and creates an electrophile.

Question 17

what does botulism toxin do?

Answer 17

binds nerve membrane and blocks acetycholine release

Question 18

Describe the receptor theory:

Answer 18

concentration of xenobitoic in combination of concentration of receptor, rpdouces (reversible interaction) that determines a concentration of xenobitoic receptor complexes. These complexes determine the biological effect.

Question 19

what is an example of electrotransfer?

Answer 19

redox reactions such as with hemoglobin

Question 20

what are 4 target molecues?

Answer 20

proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbs

Question 21

2 examples of what can happen with disfunction of cell maintenance?

Answer 21

1. impaired internal maintenance- cell death/injury 2. impaired external maintenance- impaired function of integrated systems

Question 22

Organophosphates inhibit acetycholineterase (ACHe), what are the symptoms?

Answer 22

SLUD, salivation, lacrimation, urination and defecation

Question 23

what are three effects on target molecules?

Answer 23

1. dysfunction- activation or most commonly inactivation 2. destruction- e.g. suicide inhibition 3. neoantigen formation-

Question 24

what does black widow spider venom do?

Answer 24

empties vessicles of acetycholine. Massive increase in acetycholine. Can’t get re-newed action potentials and you die

Question 25

what does organophosphorous chemicals do?

Answer 25

they inhibit acetycholine esterase (ACHE) which is the stop signal. Get an increase of neurotransmitter concentration in the synapse.

Question 26

is it parasympathic and sympathic that makes you alert and ready?

Answer 26

sympathetic. parasympathetic chills you out

Question 27

what does prozac do?

Answer 27

is an selective serotonic reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs).

Question 28

Organophosphates inhibit acetycholineterase (ACHe), what are the 3 drugs to treat organic phosphate poisioning?

Answer 28

1. Atropine (muscarinic recepto antagonist) 2. Pralidozime- it pulls the OP off of the molecule and re activates the enzyme 3. Benzodiazepience- relives anxiety

Question 29

Define agonist:

Answer 29

a xenobitoic that binds to a receptor and basically mimics the ligand

Question 30

where are neurotransmitters stored?

Answer 30

vesicles

Question 31

Define anatagonist:

Answer 31

xenobitoic that binds to the receptor and produces no response

Question 32

what is an example of an alteration of biological environment?

Answer 32

ethylene glycol (what we put in our car). we would get oxalat crystals in our kidneys if we ingested this. This stuff tastes sweet so cats and dogs taste it. It only takes 5ml or 10 ml to kill a cat This chemical enters the kidney and because of the pH change it crystalizes which b,ocks all of your nephorns and is a very painful way to die.

Question 33

what are the 5 reaction types how substrates bind with enzymes

Answer 33

1. Noncovalent binding- weak and reversible 2. Covalent binding- permanent, ireeversible 3. Hydrogen abstraction 4. electrotransfer 5. enzymatic reactions

Question 34

how are neurotranskitters released?

Answer 34

get an action potential coming down the neuron and release the neurotransmitter into synapse.

Question 35

impaired gene regulation can mean what?

Answer 35

inappropriate cell division, apoptosis, and protein synthesis

Question 36

once the neurotransmitter binds to a receptor then what?

Answer 36

the receptors could either carry on the signal or the receptor could cause its effects.