LDF
The weakest type of intermolecular force, caused by the constant movement of electrons, which creates temporary, instantaneous dipoles in molecules.
dipole dipole
A stronger force than LDFs that occurs between molecules with permanent dipoles.
hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond forms when a hydrogen atom, which is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom like nitrogen ((N)), oxygen ((O)), or fluorine ((F)), is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom in an adjacent molecule.
Ranking intermolecular attractions from weakest to strongest and vice versa in solution
London dispersion forces (weakest), followed by dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds, and finally ion-dipole forces (strongest).
Determine whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar based on its structure, whether it contains a highly electronegative atom or not
A molecule is polar if it has a net dipole moment, meaning its electron distribution is asymmetrical, creating a positive and negative end
Determine what type of intermolecular attractions a particular molecule will be able to form based on its structure
London dispersion forces (present in all molecules) and dipole-dipole forces (in polar molecules). Then, check for hydrogen bonding, which occurs when hydrogen is directly bonded to a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
Determine whether a molecule will be soluble in water based on its structure
A molecule’s solubility in water depends on its structure, primarily its polarity, according to the “like dissolves like” principle. Polar and ionic molecules are soluble in water because they can interact with water’s dipoles, while non-polar molecules are insoluble.
