Midterm 1

Question 1

Natural Selection

Answer 1

• Variation of traits within population
• Traits are heritable
• Certain traits allow for better survival

Question 2

Species

Answer 2

A group of organisms that

• Are physically similar, distinct w/ stable descent
• Can interbreed in nature if sexually reproductive

Question 3

Cell Theory

Answer 3

• All living organisms are made of cells

- All cells are produced by other cells

Question 4

Cells Need To

Answer 4

• Transform matter
• Acquire, store, produce NRG
• Stay organized and coordinate w/ other cells
• Acquire, save, and pass on information

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

Move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Question 6

Properties of Water

Answer 6

• Adhesion (btwn water and polar molecule)
• Cohesion (water and water)
• High specific heat
• Solid less dense than liquid
• Ionizes

Question 7

Hydrophobic Interactions

Answer 7

• H2O prefers to bind to H2O over nonpolar/hydrophobic molecules
• Maximize water-water interaction
• Minimize water-hydrophobic interaction
• Pushes hydrophobic molecules together

Question 8

Carbon Containing Molecules

Answer 8

• Structure and movement
• Reactants
• NRG storage in bonds
• Control of chemical reactions
• Important because C can form long chains and makes 4 bonds

Question 9

Anabolic

Answer 9

Build large molecules from small molecules

Takes NRG, endergonic

Question 10

Catabolic

Answer 10

Break down molecule into smaller molecules

Releases NRG, exergonic

Question 11

Carbohydrates:

• Monomer
• Polymer
• Bond
• Elements

Answer 11

• Monosaccharide
• Polysaccharide
• Glycosidic Linkage
• C, H, O

Question 12

Carbohydrate Functions

Answer 12

• NRG storage

- Structural Support

Question 13

Nucleic Acids:

• Monomer
• Polymer
• Bond
• Elements

Answer 13

• Nucleotide
• Polynucleotide
• Phosphodiester Bond
• C, N, P

Question 14

Nucleic Acid Functions

Answer 14

• Store genetic info
• Ribozymes
• Energy

Question 15

Proteins:

• Monomer
• Polymer
• Bond
• Elements

Answer 15

• Amino Acids
• Polypeptide
• Peptide Bond
• C, N, S

Question 16

Protein Functions

Answer 16

• Structural Support
• Enzymes
• Regulators
• Pumps and Motors

Question 17

Primary Sequence

Answer 17

Specific sequence of amino acids in a linear string

Question 18

Secondary Structure

Answer 18

Folding into alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Hydrogen bonding of carboxyl and amino groups

Question 19

Tertiary Structure

Answer 19

Other types of folding (involving R groups)

Question 20

Quaternary Structure

Answer 20

Non peptide bonds between different polypeptide chains

Question 21

Hypotonic

Answer 21

Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell

and higher concentration of H2O outside

Question 22

Hypertonic

Answer 22

Higher concentration of solute outside of the cell

Lower concentration of H2O outside

Question 23

Osmosis

Answer 23

Diffusion of H2O from high concentration to low concentration

Hypotonic: H2O flows into cell
Hypertonic: H2O flows out of cell

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

Same concentration of solute inside and outside of cell

Question 25

Inhibit Enzyme Activity by

Answer 25

- Blocking active site (competitive) | - Changing its shape (allosteric)

Question 26

Lipid Functions

Answer 26

- Store and release energy - Make membranes - Signals (steroids as hormones)

Question 27

Lipid Bilayer Permeable to

Answer 27

- Nonpolar molecules - Dissolved gases - H2O - Small polar molecules

Question 28

Lipid Bilayer Impermeable to

Answer 28

- Large polar molecules | - Ions

Question 29

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 29

- Pores or carrier proteins - With the gradient (high --> low) - No NRG input

Question 30

Active Transport

Answer 30

- Against the gradient (low --> high) | - Requires NRG (from chemical reactions ATP, electrons)

Question 31

Cotransport

Answer 31

- Secondary transport - Facilitated diffusion fo one molecule drives active transport of a second - Needs NRG to work pump Symporter --> same direction Antiporter --> opposite direction

Question 32

Vesicles

Answer 32

Small membrane-bound compartments inside cells

Question 33

Endocytosis

Answer 33

Pinch off substance from outside cell | - outside to inside

Question 34

Exocytosis

Answer 34

Fusion releases vesicle contents outside cell | - inside to outside

Question 35

Semi-autonomous

Answer 35

- Reproduce in cells by fission - Have many molecules/structures that resemble bacteria - Mitochondria/Chloroplasts have DNA in circular chromosomes - Ribosomes make proteins

Question 36

Endosymbiont

Answer 36

- Theory for origin of semi-autonomous organelles | - One organism living in another

Question 37

Chloroplasts

Answer 37

produce ATP from sunlight and CO2

Question 38

Respiriation

Answer 38

6 O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + NRG - Glycolysis - Citric Acid Cycle - Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 39

Gylocolysis

Answer 39

1. Needs phosphates from 2 x ATPs 2. Produce 4 x ATP, electrons in 2 x NADH, 2 x 3-carbon pyruvate 3. Yield = 2 x ATP and 2 x NADH

Question 40

Pyruvate Oxidation

Answer 40

Pyruvate loses 1 x C as CO2 as it binds to Coenzyme A to make Acetyl CoA