1
Q
G-proteins
A
- use GTP instead of ATP
- like on/off switches: once activated, ON state can last anywhere from 10s to minutes
2
Q
Ligand
A
Molecule that attaches, binds to enzyme or receptor. Neurotransmitters are ligands
3
Q
Neural integration
A
Interplay b/w excitatory and inhibitory messages coming from dif neurons to decide whether to activate next neuron or not
4
Q
Axoaxonic synapse
A
- attach near axon of another neuron
- cannot start an action potential in next neuron but will influence likeliness of nrtrm release and action potential in next neuron
5
Q
Autoreceptor
A
- autoregulatory function
- inhibitory metabotropic receptors
- on every neuron
6
Q
Classical neurotransmitter
A
- e.g. glutamate, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine
- modified amino acids
- synthesized in axon terminal
- dock near entry of Ca2+
- never leave synapse (except neuromodulators)
7
Q
Metabotropic receptors
A
- mediate their effect through g-proteins signalling cascade
- can have any effect on cell function which allows for more regulation
8
Q
Ionotropic receptors
A
- open ion channels
- have direct and rapid effect by letting in dif ions
9
Q
Neuropeptides
A
- more than 70
- only activate metabotropic receptors
- made and packaged in cell body, brought down axon terminal to be released once (they don’t come back like classical nrtrms)
- non-synaptic communication, free to diffuse around
10
Q
Glutamate
A
- excitatory, let in Na+ ions
10
Q
Neuromodulators
A
- dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine
- act on metabotropic receptors
- tend to modulate cell function rather than to cause fast ESPSs or ISPSs
10
Q
GABA
A
inhibitory, let in Cl+2 ions
11
Q
Acetylcholine
A
- neuromodulator in CNS
- in motor neurons at, muscular junction, acts as primary neurotransmitter activating excitatory ionotropic receptors
- cause muscle contraction
- toxin in black widow’s venom causes massive acetylcholine release
12
Q
Neurotransmitter clearance
A
- through enzymatic action
13
Q
Neostigmine
A
- breaks enzyme that clears acetylcholine
- acetylcholine stays around much longer causing prolonged muscle contraction
14
Q
Receptor agonist
A
inceases directly or indirectly of postsynaptic receptor activity
15
Q
Receptor antagonist
A
decreases dir or indir postsynaptic receptor activity
16
Q
Direct vs indirect agonist/antagonist
A
direct binds to receptor vs indirect doesn’t
17
Q
Psychosis
A
- condition where difficult to tell what’s real and what’s not
- delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech and behavior
18
Q
Antipsychotics
A
- direct dopamine receptors antagonist
- block dopamine D2 receptors: an inhibitory metabotropic receptors
- blocks receptor so more depolarisation
19
Q
Biased agonism
A
When ligand causes metabotropic receptor to preferentially activate a certain intracellular g-protein
20
Q
Competitive binding
A
When ligand binds to site where nrtrm would normally bind. It competes to take the same spot.
21
Q
Non-competitive binding
A
When ligand binds to a different site causing receptor protein to change its behavior (e.g. shape, how well receptor matches with nrtrm)
22
Q
Non-competitive agonist
A
Fully or partially activates receptor
- can also be considered antagonist if they reduced slightly effectiveness of nrtrm
23
Non-competitive antagonist
Always "wins" over normal nrtrm.
24
Ways to influence receptor activity in psychopharmacology
- giving precursor molecule that enzyme in axon terminal turn into nrtrm, acts as receptor agonist
- antagonist can break down nrtrm-making enzyme
- antagonist can break down nrtrm-packaging enzyme
- can block or activate vesicular release machinery
- through nrtrm clearance: blocking enzymatic deactivation or reuptake, sometimes even reversing nrtrm path
25
Contralateral
On opposite side
26
ispilateral
on same side
27
superficial
close to surface of body
28
deep
far away from surface of body
29
brain nuclei
patch of neuron working on same task
30
Neurogenesis
Production of neurons
- stops 5 months after conception
31
Apotposis
programmed cell death in multicellular organisms
32
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin producing cells in CNS
33
Schwann cells
Myelin producing cells in PNS
34
Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)
- liquid form of blood that leaks out of blood vessels
- is collected by lymph vessels
- carried to lymphatic system to be cleaned
- back into blood
- in PNS only!!
35
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Liquid brain makes from scratch by picking exactly what it needs from blood.
36
Choroid Plexus
blood tissue that makes CSF
37
Interneuron vs projection neuron
Synapses locally vs synapses in distal areas
38
Efferent fibers/neurons
Outputing, bringing info away from CNS
- motor neurons
39
Afferent
Inputing, bringing info to CNS
- sensory neurons
40
Somatic NS
- takes care of conscious movements and processes
- mostly external organs
41
Autonomic NS
- takes care of unconscious movements in processes
- mostly internal organs
- parasympathetic and sympathetic NS
42
Dorsal
Superior, above
43
Rostral
Anterior, in front
44
Caudal
Posterior, behind
45
Which part of brain are the tectum and tegmentum in?
- midbrain
46
Superior colliculi
- part of tectum within midbrain
- responsible for orientation body to peripheral vision
47
Inferior colliculi
- part of tectum in midbrain
- responsible for orienting towards surprising sounds
48
Tegmentum
- part of midbrain
- involved in coordination of complex species-typical movements, pain processing and behavioral responses to threats
49
The hindbrain comprises...
Medulla, pons and cerebellum
- internal sensations and muscles generally processed here (autonomic)
50
Area postrema
- part of medulla oblongata in hindbrain
- most caudal part of brain stem
- initiates vomiting when unwanted substances are detected
- blood-brain barrier noticeably weaker here
51
Pons
- part of hindbrain
- relay stations b/w cerebum and cerebellum
- cranial nerve nuclei that participate in hearing, balance, taste, facial movements and sensations of face
52
Cerebellum
- part of hindbrain
- huge nuclei
- responsible for small coordinated movements, adjustments
53
What subparts is the forebrain made of?
Hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system
54
Basal ganglia
- part of forebrain
- intentional movements, motivation, reinforcement learning and habits
- inputs come from all over and meet at this one specific nuclei and come out the other side at other nuclei
55
Hypothalamus
- in forebrain
- bunch of nuclei with each a dif function
- master hormone regulator because controls pituitary gland -- links endocrine system to NS
- in charge of ANS and survival-related behaviors such as aggression, sex, hunger, sleep cycles
56
Thalamus
Relay station for most sensory information except smell
57
Limbic system
- part of forebrain
- contains
- hippocampus: episodic memory
- amygdala: emotions
- cingulate cortex: large area that connect many
parts of limbic system
58
Sucli (sulcus, plural)
small groove(s)
59
Fissures
large or major grooves
60
gyri
ridges b/w sulci or fissures
61
Excitotoxic brain lesions
- way to study brain damage in animals
- injection of strong glutamate receptor agonist that will excite neuron so much it will undergo apoptosis
62
Optogenetics
- use of light to control neurons that have been made sensitive to light through foreign DNA introduction
63
Retrograde vs anterograde labeling
Ways to trace neural connections, to know where neurons project to
64
Allosteric modulators
- have effect only when normal nrtrm is bound to receptor
- can be positive or negative
65
At rest, Chloride ions...
- are more concentrated outside than in cell (always true)
- have equal and opposite forces (won't move if channels open)
66
K+ ions are always...
more concentrated in than out the cell
67
Na+ ions are always...
more concentrated out than in the cell
68
Ca+ ions are always...
more concentrated out than in cell
- a looot more concentrated
- channels are in axon terminal
PSYC 211
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