Midterm #1

Question 1

NAMES AND PLACE:

Utilitarian conservation
○ Resources used to max yield to benefit people

preservation
○ Protecting/preserving valley
○ Didn’t want dam

Answer 1

• Pinchot = utilitarian
  
  • Muir = preservation

Hetch Hetchy Valley

Question 2

Sand County Almanac 1949
- Opened first wilderness area for a preserved park
- Founder of modern conservation
- Creator of “Land Ethic”

Answer 2

Leopold

Question 3

Carson

Answer 3

Silent Spring 1962
- Helped ban DDT

Question 4

Experimental Lakes in NW Ontario testing fertilizer impacts
- Phosphorus proven impactful in aquatic environments

Answer 4

schindler

Question 5

Tragedy of the Commons 1833
- solutions: regulation and privatization
- Created by Lloyd showing overgrazing of livestock on a shared pasture.
- Hardin rediscovered concept
- Short term vs. Common goods

Answer 5

Lloyd-Harden

Question 6

• The Population Bomb 1968
  
  • Predicted overpopulation and worldwide famine/war by 1980

Answer 6

Enrich

Question 7

Simon-Enrich Wager

Answer 7

• 1980-90
  
  • Simon argued that humans are innovative and are the best limiting resources
  • Bet on prices of resources for 10 years. Simon won by saying they would lower.

Question 8

Malthus

Answer 8

• Malthusian Trap
  ○ Population growth is potentially exponential while resource supply growth is linear

Question 9

Father of the Green Revolution:
- Crops to increase yield
- Nobel 1970

Answer 9

Borlaug

Question 10

• NH3 fertilizers expanded agricultural yield
  
  • Nobel 1918

Answer 10

Haber

Question 11

Nelson

Answer 11

Introduced Earth Day 1970

Question 12

Start of conservation bio 1980s
- Developed concepts about threats to biodiversity loss
- Evil Quartet/Horsemen of Eco. Collapse
○ Overexploitation
○ Introduced/non-native species
○ Habitat loss
○ Trophies Cascades

Answer 12

Diamond

Question 13

CFC’s and Ozone

Answer 13

• CFC’s led to destruction of ozone layer in 1980s
  
  • 1987 ban on CFC’s
  • Polar areas more sensitive
  • Lovelock important for research

Question 14

Made climate change recognized by compiling meteorological data for global temperature database to track trends
- Late 1980s

Answer 14

Hensen

Question 15

Reduction
- Said biology can be explained by chemistry and physics. Smaller parts can explain bigger parts

Answer 15

Crick

Question 16

Reduction
- Said biology can be explained by chemistry and physics. Smaller parts can explain bigger parts

Answer 16

• Wilson

Question 17

Normative Science Definition and Examples

Answer 17

• Interprets info with preference for a specific policy
  
  • Inherently biased
  • “Advocacy science”
  • Examples:
    ○ Pristine ecosystem preferred to human altered ones
    ○ Native species are better
    ○ Higher biodiversity is preferable to lower

Question 18

Descriptive Science

Answer 18

Purely facts and measurements

Question 19

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 19

• Theory first then experimentation
  
  • Basic sciences (chemistry, physics)

Question 20

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 20

• Experiments before theory/hypothesis
  
  • Applied sciences (con bio)
  • Observation causes ideas

Question 21

Multiple Working Hypothesis

Answer 21

• Chamberlain 1890
  
  • Distributes effort and reduces ownership of ideas to objectively evaluate hypothesis

Question 22

Define Axioms

Answer 22

what we know to be true from earlier research

Question 23

Define Postulate

Answer 23

asserts relationships between set concepts

Question 24

Define Data Statement

Answer 24

strategy to link question and data

Question 25

Manipulative Experiment

Answer 25

- Manipulating some factors and having a controlled/unchanged constant

Question 26

Natural Experiment and Examples

Answer 26

- Observing results of large-scale phenomena - Example: Studying volcano, using islands to study fragmentation

Question 27

Observation Study

Answer 27

- Can only study listed facts - Example: what a Dino eats

Question 28

Oldest Ecological Experiment

Answer 28

- Manipulative experiment - Understanding agriculture production of hay by adding fertilizer to some and not to others in the UK

Question 29

SLOSS Argument

Answer 29

- “single large or single small” Argument about whether fragmentation should cause species number growth or if many fragments should equal one area with the same amount of species

Question 30

Meta Analysis

Answer 30

- After-analysis to synthesize multiple research studies based on the combination of several studies - Understand pattern to find knowledge - Belief that’s truth should come from a combination of many studies

Question 31

Theory that Published articles, especially on competitive journals, can have exaggerated results

Answer 31

Winner’s curse

Question 32

As hypothesis are proposed, it is impossible to predict if it will be revolutionary or ridiculous

Answer 32

Horrobin’s Hypothesis

Question 33

As hypothesis are proposed, it is impossible to predict if it will be revolutionary or ridiculous

Answer 33

Desk Rejections

Question 34

Publication Bias

Answer 34

Papers with statistically significant are 3x more likely to be published than null results.

Question 35

Lithosphere

Answer 35

Solid outer part of Earth including the crust and upper mantle

Question 36

Igneous Rock

Answer 36

Canadian Shield - Formed from volcanic rocks or plutonic rocks (magma under the surface)

Question 37

Sedimentary Rock

Answer 37

- Recrystallizing minerals and rocks “glued” together by organics

Question 38

Cratons

Answer 38

- First lithosphere/continents - Old floating pieces of lithosphere that stoped growing about 2 Ga as Earth cooled - Expanded into plate tectonics

Question 39

Mesozoic Era

Answer 39

- 252-66 Ma - “Middle life” - Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous

Question 40

Triassic

Answer 40

- 201-252 Ma - Breakup of Pangea - Time of Dino’s and gymnosperms

Question 41

Jurassic

Answer 41

- 145-201 Ma - Tropical/humid, seas, Dino dominate, true mammals form

Question 42

Cretaceous

Answer 42

- 66-145 Ma - Seasonality, birds, mammals

Question 43

Quaternary Period

Answer 43

- Pleistocene Epoch - 2.58 Ma to 11.7 Ka - Present

Question 44

first calculation of Earth orbit around the sun and studied Earth’s long term calculation of climate change and Earth temperature

Answer 44

- Milankovitch Cycles

Question 45

Suficial Geology land forms

Answer 45

- Landforms associated with contention glaciers

Question 46

Eskers

Answer 46

Glacial stream land forms on top, with, or below streams. Mounds to represent where glaciers once were. Important for wildlife.

Question 47

Drumlins

Answer 47

Hilly mound that is long and originated under the glacier. Left behind by scouring glacier

Question 48

Suficial Deposits

Answer 48

Deposits of rock/material glacially moved onto bedrock

Question 49

Glacial lake Deposits

Answer 49

Glaciolacustrine

Question 50

Glacial river deposits

Answer 50

Glaciofluvial

Question 51

What drives the water cycle?

Answer 51

Driven by solar and gravity

Question 52

Ocean Layers

Answer 52

- Epipelagic: surface level where light penetrates up at 200m - Mesopelagic: middle 10 degrees C - Bathypelagic: 40-10 degrees C - Apyssalpelagic: 6000m depth

Question 53

Oligotrophic Lakes and Example

Answer 53

- Low nutrients - Deeper/cleaer - High levels O2 - Green algae Ex) Lake Superior

Question 54

Eutrophic Lakes and Example

Answer 54

- High nutrient - Shallow/darker - Low levels O2 - Blue green algae - Ex) Lake Erie

Question 55

Anthropogenic eutrophication

Answer 55

Excess nutrients in lentic systems from human activity

Question 56

Long jet stream waves from geography

Answer 56

Rosby Waves

Question 57

Air mass moves from low to high elevation

Answer 57

Orographic effect

Question 58

Expansion/compression of air from elevation change over mountsins

Answer 58

Adiabatic Effect

Question 59

Dry, warm downslope winds in mtn downside

Answer 59

Föhn Winds