PSYC 375 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Solution?

A

A uniform liquid mixture of 2 or more substances

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2
Q

Solvent

A

the dissolving agent

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3
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved

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4
Q

Aqueous solution

A

Water is the solvent

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5
Q

Water’s _______ makes it a versatile solvent

A

polarity

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6
Q

How does water interact with ionic compounds?

A

Polar/ionic compounds are surrounded by water molecules and dissolved as hydrogen bonds form with their polar regions

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7
Q

What are intramolecular vs intermolecular forces/attractions?

A

Intramolecular- Stronger bonds WITHIN molecules that hold atoms together

Intermolecular- weaker forces that exist BETWEEN molecules

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8
Q

What are Hydrogen Bonds?

A

Weak, intermolecular bonds formed between a partially positive hydrogen atom in 1 molecule and the partially negatively charged region of another, neighbouring molecule

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9
Q

Ion

A

Atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from gaining or losing electrons

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10
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in an atom (on the periodic table)

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11
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Thu sum of an atom’s protons and neutrons

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12
Q

3 subatomic particles

A

Protons- Positively charged
Electrons- Negatively Charged
Neutrons- Electrically neutral

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13
Q

Describe a Chemical Reaction

A

There are reactants (H2+O) that are made into chemical bonds or removed from chemical bonds into products (2 H20)

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14
Q

Reactions cannot…

A

Create or destroy atoms

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15
Q

Everything is made of…

A

Matter-anything that takes up space and has mass. Has 3 states

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16
Q

Element

A

Substance that cant be broken down to smaller substances by chemical means. Made entirely up of 1 type of atom

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17
Q

___ unique elements organized into periodic table

A

118

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18
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms joined by covalent or ionic bonds (O2)

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19
Q

Compound

A

Substance containing 2 or more DIFFERENT elements combined in a fixed ratio (NaCl)

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20
Q

Organic Compound

A

Contains carbon (usually hydrogen)

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21
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of matter- what it consists of, what its properties are, and how it changes

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22
Q

Myelination…

A

Increases the speed of nerve signal transmission

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23
Q

What cells make up the nervous system? What do they do?

A

Neurons and Glia. Mediate the moment-to-moment activity underlying our behaviour

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24
Q

What theory stem from Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal?

A

That neurons are the functional units of the nervous system

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25
Camillo Golgi
Developed the Golgi stain (i.e. immersing thin slices of brain tissue in silver nitrate solution) and the "Nerve net hypothesis" (Nervous system is an interconnected network of fibers)
26
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
Spaniard, Neuron theory: nervous system is made up of discrete cells -> neurons
27
Who was correct? Why?
Both. Gap Junctions (Neurons can be directly interconnected by channels linking their membranes, which allow contents of 1 cell to pass through, immediately affecting its partner)
28
Cell Body
Soma; Core region containing the nucleus and other organelles (main site of protein synthesis
29
Dendrites
Extension branching off of a cell body. Greatly increase cells surface area and collect information from other neurons
30
Neural networks
Functional groups of neurons that connect wide areas of the brain and spinal cord
31
Axon
Root or singular process extending from base of soma. Carries messages from other neurons
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How many neurons?
86 Billion
33
_______ are information processing units
Neurons
34
_____ underlie plasticity. How?
Neurons. Dendrites produce and retract, they can be added or pruned
35
Neurons can have up to __ dendrites
20
36
Draw and label a Neuron
Dendrites, Cell body, Axon (7)
37
Draw the parts of a soma
Dendrite, nucleus, cell body, axon hillock, axon (10)
38
Axon hillock
Junction of soma and axon. It determines whether or not the sum of all incoming signals warrants the propagation of an action potential and transmission of a signal.
39
Axon collateral
Branch of an axon
40
Telodendria
Terminal/end branches of an axon
41
Terminal button
End foot. Knob at the tip of an axon that convey info to other neurons
42
Synapse
Special junction between one neuron and another; forms the basis of neural communication
43
Draw the Axon hillock, axon collateral, telodendria, terminal button. End foot, Synapse, and Dendrite spine
44
Presynaptic membrane
Output side of a synapse (usually axon terminal/end foot membrane)
45
Postsynaptic membrane
Input side of synapse (dendrite spine)
46
What is the flow of information?
Down from dendrite to soma to axon
47
3 functional classes of neurons
Sensory neurons, Interneurons (Association), Motor neurons (Muscle contraction)
48
________________ ________________ __________ detect environmental stimuli
specialized receptor cells
49
Sensory neurons carry input from environment into...
CNS
50
Sensory Input can be...
Physical (sound, touch, heat, light) or chemical (taste, smell)
51
Draw a Neuron with free nerve endings, with encapsulated nerve endings, and a specialized receptor cell
Axon, cell body, Dendrites, Rod (16)
52
Interneurons
Cell between sensory and motor neuron
53
Interneurons reside...
completely in the CNS
54
Muscle contraction/ Motor Neurons
Carry efferent information from brain to spinal cord. Distinctively large
55
Motor neurons reside...
in lower brainstem and spinal cord
56
What is the language of neurons?
Excitation and inhibition
57
Neurons sum signals and respond accordingly, becoming _____________. From the simple _______ language of neurons emerge enormous possibilities for behavior
active or not, yes/no
58
Glial cell (Greek for...)
Greek 4 glue. Don't transmit info, but aid neurons in doing so. Provide support, axon insulation, waste elimination
59
Astrocytes
star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord
60
Astrocytes and the blood-brain barrier
Astrocytes attach to neurons and blood vessels forming a scaffolding to hold the neuron in place and prevents toxic substances from entering the brain
61
Astrocytes and the tripartite synapse
Astrocytes and neurons are capable of bidirectional communication
62
Tripartite (draw)
2 neurons + an astrocyte. Presynaptic neuron ->Astrocyte->Postsynaptic neuron
63
Myelin Sheath
glial cells wrapped around vertebrate axons, providing electrical insulation
64
Node of Ranvier
unmyelinated region on an axon, where nerve signals are regenerated
65
Agenesis
Failure of motor coordination (ataxia): distinctive speaking pattern, awkward gait, and difficulties with balance. Cognitive difficulties: planning, abstract thinking, language etc. As a child – severe visuomotor deformities
66
What's the brain's primary function?
To produce behaviour: a collection of coordinated movements that are internally generated often in response to external stimuli
67
10. Neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning
Experience alters the brain's organization. Neuroplasticity in necessary for learning and recovering from brain injury
68
3 parts of nervous system function
Sensory input, Integration, Motor Output
69
Draw and label sensory receptor, effector cells, Brain and spinal cord
5
70
Directional flow of neural information
Afferent= Incoming info Efferent= Outgoing info
71
Draw and label Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior, Posterior, Lateral, Medial on the human head
11
72
Orientation bipedal vs quapedal vs bird
Dorsal for humans is head, dorsal for dogs is the back/spine, dorsal is "caudal" in birds, rostral is "ventral"
73
10 Principles of Nervous System Function (NSTMBTTTTN)
1. Neuronal circuits are the functional units of the nervous system 2. Sensory and motor divisions pervade the nervous system 3. The CNS functions on multiple levels and is organized hierarchically and in parallel 4. Many brain circuits are crossed 5. Brain functions are localized and distributed 6. The brain is symmetrical and asymmetrical 7. The nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition 8. The brain divides sensory input for object recognition and movement 9. The nervous system produces movement in a perceptual world the brain constructs 10. Neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning
74
PSYC 375
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