Psyc 375 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

pattern completion ?

A

pattern completion is the way for our brain to fill in missing pieces of information based on what is already experienced or learned

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2
Q

There are three broad historical approaches to brain and behaviour what are they ?

A

Mentalism : behaviour is controlled by the mind or “Psyche” which is separate from the body
ex: someone who believes their decisions come purely from an immaterial “will” rather than from the brain activity
Artistotle
Dualism or cartesian dualism: the mind and body (or brain) are separate but interact
EX: Descartes suggested that the mind communicates with the body through the pineal gland
-mind is unique to humans he believed that non humans don’t have mind
Materialism : The brain and its physical processes entirely explain behaviour and the mind
- mental thoughts and emotions all come from the brain their is no seperate mind

Ex: When you feel happy, its because of brain chemicals like dopamine and serotonin

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3
Q

what are the issues with the cartesian dualism?

A

the pineal gland is involved in biological rythms but not in intelligence or behavioural control
movement does not only happen with the flow of fluid from the ventricles

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4
Q

survival of the fittest?

A

means that the organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass their traits to the next generation

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5
Q

what is the simple system approach ?

A

Using simpler system to understand about a more complicated system

ex: can use a rat brain and its visual cortex which helps figure out what happens to human vision
or using cat brain to figure out auditory function in humans

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6
Q

what is a topographic map?

A

represents the different functional areas within the central nervous system

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7
Q

what is a connectome map?

A

all the pathways connecting regions of the CNS

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8
Q

what is the Central nervous system

A

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord

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9
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

all of the nerve cells (neurons) in the body that are located outside of the CNS

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
enteric nervous system

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10
Q

somatic nervous system:

A

includes the cranial and spinal nerves to and from the muscles, joints, and skin

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11
Q

autonomic nervous system:

A

regulates the functioning of internal organs and glands

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12
Q

enteric nervous sysem?

A

mesh of neurons embedded in the lining of the gut

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13
Q

what are the two main divisions of the brain?

A

forebrain: prominent in mammals and birds, responsible for most concious behaviours
brainstem: central brain structure responsible for most of our unconcious behaviours
this would be like digestion
gut
thermoregulation

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14
Q

what are the bumps on the surface of the brain called and what are the grooves called?

A

gyri - bumps
sulci- grooves

we have these to increase surface area in the brain since our brain is huge

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15
Q

what is the role of the temporal lobe ?

A

hearing
language
memory

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16
Q

what is the role of the parietal lobe

A

goal directed movement
integration of sensory info

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17
Q

frontal lobe

A

decision making
voluntary movement
thinking before reacting
managing emotions

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18
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

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19
Q

What is behaviour?

A

the way in which an animal or person acts in response to a particular situation or stimulus

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20
Q

what is innate behaviour ?

A

depends upon heredity
behaviour you were born with
cause by genes and instrincts

like baby crying when hungry

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21
Q

what is learned behaviour ?

A

requires plasticity

  • behaviour that is acquired through experience, observation, or practice
    cause: shaped by environment and learning not just genes
    ex: a child learning to ride a bike
    dogs learning tricks
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22
Q

what is the principle of proper mass? Jerison

A

the size of a brain area is related to how much it is used for a particular function
ex. humans have a large cerebral cortex because we rely heavily on thinking, and problem-solving
cats have a large visual cortex because vision is crucial for hunting

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23
Q

what is EQ ecephalization quotient

A

Tells how big an animals brain is compared to what you’d expect for its body size
- helps estimate animals intelligence or cognitive ability

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24
Q

what is the ratio of cerebrum to cerebellum neuron cells in human compared to elephant ?

A

ratio 1:4 in human
Ration 1:45 in elephant

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25
what is the brainstem made of?
the brainstem is the central structure in the brain responsible for most life sustaining behaviour consists of : hindbrian -forearm midbrain-wrist the diencephalon-fist
26
what is the role of the brainstem?
maintains body temp making sure neuro cortex is awake if you damage these respiration is affected and body temperature cant be regulated it is hard to fix issue if damaged since plascisity is very low in this area
27
what is the role of thee hindbrain?
motor function (breathing, balance, fine movement) it is comprised of the cerebellum, medulla, pons, and reticular formation the cerebellum sits in the hindbrain
28
what does the cerebellum control?
control of complex movements movement that you wanted to make vs. what you actually end up doing -error correction the reason that a cat has a giant cerebellum or a elephant because of how much movement and complex movement they do
29
elephants have a bigger cerebellum because?
they have a bigger trunk so they need more sensory receptors on the trunk and the ability to induce fine movement
30
what are the benefits associated with a big brain?
- planning and ability to think about past events and reevaluate them - learning - being able to socialize
31
what are the costs associated with a big brain?
- lots of energy needs constant supply -childbirth the pain of the situation disappears - damage to one part of the brain can damage another part of the brain
32
what is the main difference between spider monkey and howler monkey?
- consumption of fruit is different - leaves is the main nutrition for howler monkey Brain size is bigger for the spider monkey because they get most on nutrition from fruit and you need a bigger brain for visual system for colour identification to help localize good fruit but you also need alot of fruit for energy to feed the bigger brain
33
what is the difference between women brain and men brain?
womens brains typically weight about 10% less that men, but the two sexes do not differ in average intelligence
34
what different factors can impact brain size?
-overall mass -nutrition -aging -learning -stress -FASD -AUTISM
35
what is the WAIS scale?
is a scale to assess cognitive ability how well someone thinks and solves problems
36
what are the different indexes for the WAIS scale?
verbal comprehension index: understanding language and vocab Perceptual reasoning index: measures nonverbal reasoning, visual-spatial skills, and problem solving like puzzle Working memory index: attention, concentration Processing speed index: how quickly someone can process simple or routine visual information symbols
37
what is the neocortex and allocortex unique too?
neocortex is unique to mammals allocrtex is evident in birds and reptiles
38
what does layer 4 IV of the neocortex consist of?
sensory input (afferent)
39
what does the layer 1 to 3 consist of in the neocortex?
info integration
40
what does the layer 5 to 6 consist of in the neocortex?
output (efferent) info
41
what is horizontal transmission?
Is the spread of behaviours or information between individuals of the same generation or age group - more experienced learning
42
what is vertical transmission ?
learning or passing down information from parents or elders to children
43
what was the case at the university if washington about crows?
- The crows that were captured, remembered that people were trying to harm them wearing masks so through horizontal transmission the other crows that were never captured also started to learn this - future crows through vertical transmission also know this
44
what are the three layers of the meninges?
1. Dura mater: "Hard mother" 2. arachnoid layer : like spider web 3. Pia mater : soft mother
45
what is meningitis?
inflammation of the meninges you have headache, drowsiness, coma, death
46
What is encephalitis ?
inflammation of the brain
47
Where do you find the cerebrospinal fluid?
the arachnoid layer This CSF is made up of salts like sodium and potassium chloride
48
What is the cerebrospinal fluid for?
Buoyancy: reduces its effective mass not sitting on the very structures that are responsible for keeping one alive Protection: protects the brain from injury Chemical stability: delivery and removal of products associated with metabolic activity
49
Where does the CSF come from?
it is produces in the ventricles (cavities) of the brain -specifically the left ventricle
50
who is worse in terms of concussion?
Male are worse
51
What are the mechanic of TBI (traumatic brain injury)
if a blow to the head is strong enough it can result in two discrete areas of damage 1. we can damage at the site of impact the coup 2. damage opposite the site of impact called the countercoup it is more about the force of impact
52
Given the areas of the brain that are usually damaged (frontal,temporal,occipital) what sort of problems would you expect people with TBI to have?
- impaired decision making - frontal cortex damaged - cognitive speed drops -tremor
53
The hindbrain has reticular formation what is it responsible for?
responsible for stimulating the forebrain, arousal, sleep/wake behaviour coma is an affect from damage of reticular formation
54
what is the role of pons and medulla?
they both are responsible to control vital movements the pons receives input from the cerebellum and transmits it to the rest of the brain The medulla controls breathing - a blow to base of the skull effects the pons and medulla
55
Explain what happens to the axons when you have a traumatic brain injury?
the trauma causes the axon to twist and tear which than results in permanent death of the brain cell - having axons helps long distance connection which helps brain areas that are distant from eachother activate so if this is damaged concentration becomes difficult there is reduction in mental speed and concentration deficits
56
what are the long term distruptions of the brain?
personality changes sleep distruption increased risk of death by suicide memory disturbances sleep distruption
57
if you have multiple TBI? what can it lead to?
lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy - cerebral atrophy likely a result of neuronal death - enlargement of the ventricles - increases in brain proteins associated with Alzheimer's Disease
58
In the forebrain we have the allocortex, the three main structures of it is?
the amygala the hippocampus the cingulate cortex
59
What is the job of the allocortex ? the amygala, the hippocampus, and the cingulate cortex?
allocortex: memory, spatial navigation, emotion, and motivation Amygdala- emotional memory Hippocampus- spatial navigation, episodic memory Cingulate cortex- motivation
60
what is multidirectional Impact Protection System (MIPS)
A low friction layer between the helmet and the padding reduces rotational forces during an impact
61
what are the three major arteries that provide the cerebrum with blood?
1. anterior cerebral artery 2. middle cerebral artery 3. posterior cerebral artery
62
what are the three major arteries that provide the cerebrum with blood?
1. anterior cerebral artery 2. middle cerebral artery 3. posterior cerebral artery
63
what is a stroke?
the sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely reduced blood flow
64
What is a ischemic stroke?
a stroke resulting from a blocked blood vessel - more common, less severe
65
what is a hemorrhagic stroke?
a stroke resulting from bleeding from a blood vessel more severe, fortunately less common
66
what are the effects of stroke?
over-excitation of neurons inflammation of brain tissue less energy available Diaschisis- neural shock areas connected to stroke cease to function -changes in brain metabolism
67
what can we do to treat stroke?
the goal is to restore normal blood flow ASAP! - Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) Breaks down the clot causing the stroke - there is limited window during which the treatment is effective. most people dont make it to the ER in time - it is only effective for one type of stroke
68
what is constraint- induced therapy?
stroke patients experience learned non-use of the affected limbs constraint-induced therapy binds the intact limb, forcing the patient to use the affected limb
69
How come ground squirrels don't suffer from ischemic stroke?
Because their brains are built to survive with very little oxygen and blood flow especially during hibernation - they have a molecular tag that alters the activity of proteins in the brain
70
What is White and Gray matter ?
White matter would be corpus collosum and its basically milenated axons but technically white matter is seen as brown gray matter- sit above the nods of your cell bodies such as neurons and glial cells - cell bodies
71
The brain contains two main types of cells? what are they? and define them
Neurons: carry out the brains communicative and information processing functions Glial cells: variety of critical functions including aiding and controlling neuronal activity - they provide support for the neurons they dont send messages like neurons do they are important for communication
72
The spinal cord is involved in the movement of production often in conjunction with the brain but not always such as the patellar reflex and locomotion by what?
Patellar reflex: doctors look for how your peripheral nerves are operating the reflex arc is by neurons in the spinal cord has nothin to do with brain - THEY see how neuroactivity doesn't nescassarly require brain The CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS found in spinal cord: circuit that produces rhythmic movement circuit that produces the step cycle is found in the spinal cord it is influenced by the brain but the circuit itself is in the brain
73
what is the main role of the spinal cord?
it recieves and send info to and from the entire body
74
What are dermatomes?
a dermatome is a skin zone connected to one specific nerve - ex. the thumb area is supplied by the c6 spinal nerve
75
76
What is the law of bell and magendie ?
Sensory info is transmitted to the brain (afferent) via the dorsal portion of the spinal cord Motor info is transmitted from the brain (efferent) in the ventral portion of the spinal cord
77
78
What is the function of the hindbrain?
motor function (breathing, balance, fine movements) comprised of the cerebellum medulla, pons, and reticular formation
79
In the experiment with the darts and prism we see that people who have no damage to there cerebellum seem to adapt quickly after putting on prism glasses why?
our cerebellum is used to control complex movements it is used for error detection and correction it is comparing the intended movement to what you actually want to do. It allows you to tweak the movement after finding out what you are doing wrong - if it is damaged you cant do that the image is if you have it damaged fluctuates alot
80
What is the two parts of the midbrain?
Tectum- roof, located dorsally (sensory) Tegmentum - floor, located ventrally (motor)
81
What is the highlighted areas and what do they do?
periaqueductal gray matter is apart of the brain that is related to pain, and sensation - target for opiods
82
So on the brainstem we have the midbrain and in the midbrain we have tectum which consists of superior and inferior colliculus which is found dorsally at the back of the brain. explain the function of the two?
Superior colliculus: receives input from the optic nerve (Vision) - visual information if you see something in the dark that is SC working Inferior Colliculus : recieves input from the auditory pathways - hearing
83
So we have the brainstem and in the brainstem we have the midbrain a part of the midbrain is the tegmentum what is it responsible for and the tegmentum has a red nucleus and a periaquenductal gray, and substantia nigra explain the functions
Collection of nuclei responsible for movement Red nucleus - limb movement's periaqueductal gray- pain substantia nigra- important for initiating movement this is what is damaged in parkinson's disease
84
In the brainstem we have the diencephalon what is that?
it sits on the top of the brainstem responsible for integrating sensory and motor information on its way to the cortex Thalamus on top Hypothalamus on bottom
85
what is the job of the thalamus?
"gateway to the cortex" sensory information is input to the thalamus, integrated, and relayed to the appropriate areas in the cortex
86
what is the job of the medial geniculate nucleus
receives the auditory information
87
what is the job of the lateral geniculate nucles (LGN) ?
receives info from the optic tract and relays it to the visual regions in the cortex
88
What is the job of the hypothalamus?
controls hormone production via interaction with the pituitary gland (the master gland) - including feeding, sex, temerature regulation, emotional behaviour it is right above the pituitary gland
89
what is toxoplasmosis? what are the side affects
primarily found in cats - may be transmitted to humans - it can be caught from cat feces - headaches, fever, fatigue, muscle aches if you have a weakened immune system confusion, seizures, encephalitis Pregnant women fetal death, spontaneous abortion, neurological deficits
90
what are the structures of the basal ganglia? which is located in the forebrain
1. caudate nucleus 2. putamen 3. globus pallidus
91
what is the function of the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia, and the putamen, and the globus pallidus ?
connect sensory and motor regions of the cortex putamen- regulate movement globus pallidus - involved in associative learning
Psyc 375
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