1
Q
what is health psychology
A
Health promotion and maintenance
Prevention and treatment of illnesses
Ethology and correlates of health, illness and dysfunction
Impact of health professionals on people’s behaviour
Why people get ill and how they respond to illness
2
Q
Early time
A
- something is wrong with your mind and its influencing your body
- their linked
3
Q
Greek- humoral theory
A
- when things go away from homeostasis your ill
- essential fluid is linked to personality and behaviour
4
Q
Middle ages
A
- level of health is related to degree of faith
- religion infiltrates medical knowledge
5
Q
renaissance
A
-rejection of humoral theory
due to microscopy and autopsy
6
Q
dualism
A
-mind and body are separate
7
Q
conversion hysteria
A
-psychological conflicts are converted into physical symptoms
8
Q
Psychologipsychomatic medicine
A
-Dealing with psychological issue to cure illness
9
Q
Biopsychosocial
A
What we consider healthy changes over time
health=not constant
System theory- all connected (macro/micro)
10
Q
central nervous system
A
- carries voluntary nerve impulses to skeletal muscles and skin
- carries involuntary impulses to muscles an glands
- includes brain and spinal cord
11
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
- outside the brain and spinal cord
- includes somatic and autonomic nervous system
12
Q
somatic nervous system
A
-controls voluntary movement
13
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
- controls organs that operate involuntarily
- includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
14
Q
sympathetic nervous system
A
- mobilizes the body for action
- response to danger
15
Q
parasympathetic nervous system
A
- maintains and restores equilibrium
- calms down after dangerous situations
16
Q
Hindbrain
A
- oldest part of the brain
- includes medulla,pons & cerebellum
17
Q
medulla
A
-mediates heart rate and blood pressure, controls respiration
18
Q
pons
A
links hindbrain and midbrain
19
Q
cerebellum
A
voluntary muscle movement (processes for basic function)
20
Q
Midbrain
A
connects hindbrain to forebrain
21
Q
forebrain
A
- newer part of brain
- 2 parts diencephalon and telencephalon
22
Q
Diencephalon
A
thalamus- relay senses and stimulus
hypothalamus-cardiac function
23
Q
telencephalon
A
cerebral cortex- higher order intelligence (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobe)
24
Q
endocrine system
A
- system that secretes hormones into blood
- pituitary gland and adrenal gland
25
anterior
- secretes hormones for growth
- promotes protein synthesis
- darkening of skin
26
posterior
-preserves bodies water
27
pituitary gland
anterior lobe and posterior lobe
28
adrenal gland
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
29
adrenal medulla
-releases hormones that help react to stress
30
adrenal cortex
-releases hormones necessary for life (regulate metabolism and stress response)
31
cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels and blood
32
blood
- provides oxygen to cell
- manages pH and carbon dioxide
- secretes hormones
- gets rid of waste
- blood carries O2 from lungs to tissue and CO2 expels from breath
33
left side of heart
- takes in oxygenated blood from lungs
| - distributes to organs
34
right side of heart
-sends deoxygenated blood back to the lungs from organs
35
systole blood pressure
- hearth contracts
| - lets oxygenated blood out
36
diastole blood pressure
- hearth is relaxing
| - deoxygenated blood enters hearth
37
respiratory system
- provides oxygen to body
- removes carbon dioxide from body
- regulates blood in body
38
Infection is transmitted by
- direct transmission:touching
- indirect:sneezing
- biological:biological catalyst changes composition of infection
- mechanical:organism is not changing the virus
39
Immune response
natural immunity,specific immunity, humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity
40
natural immunity
- first
- always working
- macrophages:removes threat by swallowing it
- natural killers: recognizes infection
41
specific immunity
- comes in if natural immunity needs help
| - T-cells:kills particular pathogen
42
Humoral immunity
- protects against bacteria
| - neutralizes viral infection
43
cell-mediated immunity
cytotoxic: responds to specific antigens
| helper T:enhance function of cells
44
stress response
- cerebral cortex labels event as stressful
- signal sent to hypothalamus
- activates nervous system
- acute stress
- flight or fight response
- sympathetic arousal
45
health behaviour
- behaviour done to enhance or maintain health
| - if reinforced early they are resistant to change before becoming a habit
46
health habits
health habits are autonomic
| they are effected by socialization, teachable moments,closing the window of vulnerability
47
identifying at risk people
```
benefits:
-may eliminate/prevent health behaviour
-effective use of health dollars
-helps identify risk factors in patient population
problem:
-hypergigilance
```
48
ways of changing health behaviours
- educational appeal: popular person providing a message
- fear appeal: scaring someone
- message framing: message that stress benefit
loss: works better for high risk behaviour
49
models of health behaviour change
- social cognition model: promote the things you value
- health belief model: your presented with a treat and the end result
- planned behaviour model:behaviour is result of intervention
- transtheoretical model: includes stages of change and has treatment goals
50
theory of planned behaviour
- my attitude towards the action
- the subjective norms around me towards that action
- perceived behaviour
51
transtheoretical model
```
pre contemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
```
52
cognitive behavioural approaches
- engage in behaviour that will be successful and they value
- cognitive behavioural therapy CBT
- individualized approach
53
factors included in CBT
```
self-observing
classical conditioning
operant condition
modelling
stimulus control
self control
```
54
preventable injuries
- unintentional injury that could have been prevented
| - causes lost of life and injuries cost money
55
cancer related health behaviour
best cancer: regular imaging
| sun tanning: choosing to tan and using sunscreen
56
exercise
```
exercise +medication is amazing
Biologically your body will feel better
Psychological- helps relieve stress and anxiety
Socially- you can form a community
150 minutes for min 10 minutes intervals
```
57
Diet
- eating healthy is hard
- health vs. image
- restrictive, expensive and laborious plans
58
obesity
- social drivers
| - how to fix it: educate, close window of vulnerability
59
Factors that contribute to obesity
family history
SES and culture
stress
emotions
60
Health compromising behaviour
problem/risk behaviour
61
characteristics of health compromising behaviour
- window of vulnerability
- self presentation
- gradual development
- common predictive factor
- similar profile of substance abuse
- clear socio-economic driver
62
DSM-4 definition of substance dependence
- if you continue to use...
- develop tolerance
- dependence
- consuming to avoid withdraw
63
American psychiatric association definition
physical dependence, tolerance, addiction, withdrawal
64
Harms reduction
limit how much something will hurt
| focus on risk and consequences
65
types of drugs
opiates
cocaine
cannabis
amphetamine-type stimulants
66
consequences of drugs
physical damage
rebound depression
misjudgment
67
problem drinker
psychological and medical problems resulting from alcohol
68
factors that influence treatment
```
age
socio-economic status
access to care and social support
preventative approaches
health
```
69
effects of smoking
synergistic effects
- cardiovascular disease
- more stress events
- breast cancer
- getting cancer
70
factors that influence why people smoke
```
Genetics
Social drivers- family/friends
Body image
Self image
Mood state
```
71
nicotine
- dopamine
| - reward pathway
72
two strategies for stoping behaviour
Prevention (long term benefit)
| Cessation (short term benefit)
73
treatment strategies
Changing social view
Nicotine replacement therapies
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Treat comorbid issues
74
vaping
pros:
safer,environment, control, cost
cons:
uncertain, inappropriate, options
75
potential causes of eating disorders
cultural standards
Overcompensation of weight loss
Over working out
Typically start during adolescence
76
anorexia
starvation
77
bulimia
bing eating then purging
78
what is stress
- negative emotional thing
- that creates a biochemical reaction
- physiological response
79
stressors
-event that causes stress
80
person-environment fit
-perception of stressor is individual
- the ressources you have determine your appraisal of stressor
adequate ressources vs inadequate
81
fight-or-flight model
-runs on sympathetic nervous system
82
general adaptation syndrome
- stressors produce the same physiological reaction
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
83
limitations to general adaptation syndrome
- does not account for psychological factors
- assumes all responses to stressors are uniform
- assumes that stress is only evident in the presence of a stressor
84
tend-and-befiend model
- how to deal with stress in regards to a social component
| - coming together and becoming friends
85
consequences of stress
- wear and tears in the system
| - chronic stress
86
psychological appraisal of stress
- primary appraisal
- secondary appraisal
- person environment fit
87
physiology of stress
-2 system affected by stress SAM,HPA
88
SAM
- cerebral cortex
- hypothalamus
- fight or flight response
- medulla
- epinephrine, norepinephrine
- sympathetic arousal
89
HAP
when does this start
90
long term stress
- allostatic load
| - cortisol
91
what makes events stressful
- personal assessment
- uncontrollable/unpredictable
- ambiguous
- how loaded it
- central-life vs. peripheral
92
adapting to stress
- Psychological adaptation
| - Physiological adaptation
93
what is coping
image in notes
94
negative affectivity
neuroticism
| poor health outcomes, lower coping skills
95
pessimistic explanatory style
- negative affectivity
| - lower coping skills
96
perfectionism
-unrealistic goals, inability to reach perfection, leads to strss
97
perfectionism
-unrealistic goals, inability to reach perfection, leads to stress
98
dispositional optimism
- positivity promotes coping symptoms
| - better mental and physical health
99
how to cope with stress
self compassion, gratitude, psychological control, self-esteem
100
self comparisson
personal tool
| care about yourself and be compassionate
101
gratitude
the more thankful you are the more positivity there is in your life
positive coping style
102
psychological control
when things are ambiguous it increases the level of stress
| Perceived control of stressful event =better health and = better outcomes of coping strategies
103
self-esteem
high=less illness
| ego strength
104
coping style
avoidant
| or approach
105
external factors that affect coping
- lower SES scale
| - multiple stressors
106
sources of resilience
- hard to change your personality
- can change by adding things supportive of psychological displacement
- add positive life events
107
coping interventions
midfulness-based strress reduction,disclosure and coping, stress management, interactive stress-management programs
108
mindfulness- based stress reduction
- learn to compartmentalize
- focus and self-reflect
- exclude all other problems
109
disclosure and coping
- verbalize what's bothering you
| - say it or write it
110
stress management
- learning in groups
- identify stressors
- practice
- giving yourself the tools to deal with this stress
111
interactive stress-management program
- online based
| - targeted to sub populations
112
social support
- tangible assistance
- informational support
- emotional support
- implicit vs. explicit social support
PSYC 2301
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