NSCI 200 > Midterm 1 Content > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Content Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Kinesin

A

Protein motor that does anterograde transport (-) to (+)

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2
Q

Dynein

A

Protein motor that does retrograde transport (+) to (-)

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3
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Transport from cell body to synapse. “Walk” along cytoskeleton from (-) end to (+) end

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4
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Transport from synapse to cell body. “Walk” along cytoskeleton from (+) end to (-) end

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5
Q

Astrocytes

A

Type of glia

Structural support for cells in CNS
Located all over brain
Helps maintain blood-braid barrier

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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinating glia for the CNS

Insulates MANY neurons
Preferentially myelinates medium-large axons (some signal to not myelinate)

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7
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelinating glia for the PNS

Insulates ONE neuron

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8
Q

Radial glia

A

Type of stem cell

Guides migration of neurons during organogenesis

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9
Q

Microglia

A

Type of glia

Removes waste material, viruses, fungi from brain

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10
Q

Homophilic

A

Two of the same molecules bonding to each other

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11
Q

Heterophilic

A

Two different molecules bonding to each other

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12
Q

Myelin sheath composition

A

Comprised of fats and proteins (the most abundant protein is proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1))

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13
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of axons in central nervous system

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15
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

PNS -> Autonomic

Stress recover (rest and digest)

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16
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

PNS -> Autonomic

Stress response (fight, flight, or freeze)

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17
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

PNS -> Autonomic

Regulates many processes in digestion

i.e. digestive enzyme secretion
immunological regulation
peristalsis

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18
Q

Ventricles

A

Four interconnected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cavities in brain that connect with central canal of spinal cord

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19
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Fluid in ventricles

Moves through CNS. Transports nutrients, waste. Provides protection and buoyancy to brain.

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20
Q

Dura mater

A

One of the meninges

Tough outer layer

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21
Q

Pia mater

A

One of the meninges

Inner membrane (CSF in space here)

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22
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

One of the meninges

Thin membrane in the middle

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23
Q

Forebrain end-brain

A

“Telencephalon”

Contains:
Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb, basal forebrain

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24
Q

Forebrain between-brain

A

“Diencephalon”

Contains:
Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary glad, pineal gland

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25
Midbrain
"Mesencephalon" Contains: Tectum (superior colliculus, inferior colliculus) Tegmentum (ventral tegmental area (VTA), cerebral peduncle, substantia nigra)
26
Hindbrain
"Rhombencephalon" Contains: Cerebellum, pons, medulla
27
Medulla
Initiates involuntary movement (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, cough reflex, vomiting) Receives input on muscle tension and proprioception (joint angles) and relays to cerebellum
28
Pons
Regulates breathing Regulates sleep/wake cycle Contains locus coeruleus (LC): Nucleus that produce norepinephrine (regulates attention, stress response, mental arousal, memory) Contains fiber tracts that connect opposite sides of brain
29
Cerebellum
Regulates fine motor movement, balance, coordination Helps shift attention between visual/auditory stimuli Helps form procedural memories
30
Reticular formation
Nuclei in brainstem that send output signals to the cerebrum Regulate heart rate, blood pressure, respiration Regulate sleep/wake cycle, circadian rhythm Assist with motor coordination such as posture Contain Raphe nuclei: Produce serotonin (affect emotion, mood, perceptions of pain)
31
Cranial nerve nuclei
Nuclei that directly exit the brain or spinal cord Unmyelinated nerves (grey matter) Afferent: PNS to CNS Efferent: CNS to PNS Mixed: Afferent and Efferent
32
Superior colliculus
Processes/integrates auditory, visual, somatosensory information Uses information to coordinate head/eye movements for gaze shifts Primary integrating center in mammals for eye movements
33
Inferior colliculus
Processes/integrates input from auditory, somatosensory systems Filters out unnecessary sounds
34
Cerebral aqueduct
CBF that connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
35
Cerebral peduncle
White matter fiber tracts Processes input from cerebrum and sends output to spinal cord, pons, medulla
36
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Contains neurons that produce dopamine Involved in reward processing, motivation, learning, memory
37
Substantia nigra
Produces dopamine Involved in reward processing Regulates initiation of voluntary movement Involved in spatial learning Outputs to basal ganglia
38
Thalamus
Receives motor/sensory input from most body regions (but not olfactory) Filters/integrates information and relays to cerebral cortex Plays role in sleep/wake cycle Contains LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS (LGN) and many other sensory processing nuclei
39
Hypothalamus
Maintains homeostasis (blood pressure, body temperature, water balance, appetite, metabolism) Associated with motivated behaviours (eating, drinking, sexual behaviours) Regulates endocrine system
40
Mammillary nuclei
Helps form episodic memory (personal experiences, events)
41
Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Produces orexins (stimulate wakeful state, appetite)
42
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Set circadian rhythm
43
Pineal gland
Produces melatonin (more production in dark environments) In mammals: info about photoperiod sent from hypothalamus (and other regions) In other vertebrates: pineal gland is photosensitive
44
Posterior pituitary
Composed of axons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus Hormones are secreted directly into bloodstream
45
Anterior pituitary
Composed of endocrine cells Hormones are secreted into hypophyseal portal system
46
Basal ganglia
Made of nuclei, not neurons Regulates planning and execution of voluntary movement Controls motivation and reward processing Learns procedural memories (which are then stored in cerebellum)
47
Limbic system
Contains Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cingulate gyrus, Mammillary nuclei, and more
48
Hippocampus
Consolidates short-term and long-term memories Critical for event memories, spatial and navigational memories
49
Amygdala
Regulates emotions (fear in particular)
50
Cingulate gyrus
Regulates emotions, aggression, anxiety, motivation
51
Caudate nucleus
Basal ganglia nucleus Plans voluntary movement (eye movement in particular) Involved in some motivational behaviour/reward processing Learns procedural memories
52
Putamen
Basal ganglia nucleus Receives sensory input and relays to Globus Pallidus Regulates and executes planned voluntary movement Important for some aspects of speech
53
Nucleus accumbens
Basal ganglia nucleus Motivation and reward processing Important for feeding, sexual, addictive behaviours
54
Globus pallidus
Basal ganglia nucleus Works with cerebellum to regulate voluntary motor movement Important for posture
55
Frontal lobe
Voluntary movement Emotions and reactions Long-term memory formation Problem solving, decision making, memory, reasoning, judgement, planning Produces language Motivation/reward behaviours
56
Parietal lobe
Receives somatosensory information Involved in spatial navigation/reasoning, visual mapping Coordinates fine motor movements (specifically with hands)
57
Temporal lobe
Processes auditory sensory info Regulates visual information for recognition Process emotions Language comprehension Helps with memory formation (long term in particular)
58
Occipital lobe
Regulates visual information (Colour, depth, distance, space/location, motion) Receives information from retina via thalamus, sends to other lobes for further processing
59
Epineurium
Covers peripheral nerve
60
Perineurium
Covers fascicle
61
Endoneurium
Covers myelinated axon
62
Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) stain
Stains nucleic acids purple, proteins slightly pink
63
Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) stain
Stains myelin lipids blue, neuron cell bodies purple (if cresyl violet is also used)
64
Osmium (OSM) stain
Stains lipid membranes black
NSCI 200
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