Midterm

Question 1

prenatal

Answer 1

before, during or related to pregnancy

Question 2

perinatal

Answer 2

during birth, immediately before and after birth

Question 3

teratogen

Answer 3

environmental and lifestyle agents that are harmful to the embryo/fetus

Question 4

three factors that can cause damage to the fetus

Answer 4

• timing,
• dosage/exposure level
• genetic condition of the mother and embryo

Question 5

environmental teratogens

Answer 5

• pollution
• pesticides

Question 6

lifestyle teratogens

Answer 6

• drinking
• smoking

Question 7

risk

Answer 7

• internal and external factors that increase the likelihood of certain undesirable outcomes
• not everyone has the same response to risk factors
• therapists must appreciate the potential impact of various risk factors and their timing

Question 8

prenatal risk

Answer 8

• before birth
• anything that can cause potential for hazard in the developing embryo/fetus

Question 9

examples of prenatal risk

Answer 9

• maternal age (32+)
• maternal health (pre- existing / existing conditions)
• stress
• alcohol/drug use
• obesity

Question 10

perinatal risk

Answer 10

• during birth
• exposure occurring during or pertaining to the phase surrounding the time of birth
• from gestational week 20 to the 28th day of newborn life

Question 11

examples of perinatal risk

Answer 11

• timing (the age the fetus was exposed)
• dose (how much) / frequency of exposure
• genes of the fetus (come from both parents, genetic disorders, pre-existing conditions)

Question 12

maternal health and nutrition risk factors

Answer 12

• age (35+)
  – low birth weight, pre-mature, higher risk of downs syndrome, multiple births (twins, triplets)
• health: pre-natal vitamins (iron, folic acid)
• stress: maternal anxiety –> placental disruption (no oxygen, no nutrition, uterine bleeding)

Question 13

lifestyle risks

Answer 13

• substances (alcohol, cigarettes)
• drugs and medications
• infections (transmitted across placenta)
• HIV/AIDS (early detection)

Question 14

environmental risks

Answer 14

• radiation: technology, oncology treatment, extremely dangerous in 1st trimester
• chemical toxins: lead, toxic waste, mercury, chemotherapy

Question 15

screening evaluations during pregnancy

Answer 15

• ultrasound
• amniocentesis

Question 16

ultrasound

Answer 16

• first trimester to establish fetal viability, determine number of fetuses, confirm placental position, improve gestational dating

Question 17

amniocentesis

Answer 17

• at 16+ weeks gestation
• chromosome analysis (chromosomal abnormalities; downs syndrome)

Question 18

effects of neurotoxicants

Answer 18

• fetal death
• death at an older age related to early or recent exposure
• malformations related to in utero exposure
• slow growth related to in utero or later exposure
• developmental disabilities: intellectual disability, learning disabilities, cerebal palsy

Question 19

lead

Answer 19

• most researched neurotoxicant
• found in lead-based paint, lead-containing products
• no safe level of lead in the body
• CNS damage in children
• peripheral neuropathy (loss of feeling in extremities) in adults
• attention deficit, decreased adult grey matter, decreased brain volume, and impaired language function

Question 20

tobacco smoke

Answer 20

• secondhand exposure to tobacco and maternal smoking
• abnormal cell proliferation, differentiation and synaptic activity
• increased risk of low birth weight, SIDS, ADHD, intellectual disability and respiratory disorders

Question 21

mercury

Answer 21

• found in fish
• methylmercury is toxic
• severe brain damage with microcephaly
• cognitive and motor impairments
• minimal effects in exposed adults

Question 22

alcohol

Answer 22

• known teratogen; no safe level during pregnancy
• fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) from maternal ingestion during pregnancy
• interferes with neuronal migration, brain organization, brain growth and synaptic formation
• range of physical, behavioral and cognitive problems
• FASD findings: microcephaly, behavior problems, ADHD, executive function and deficits, learning problems

Question 23

illicit drugs

Answer 23

• nonprescription opioids, marijuana
• decreased perception of pain, paranoia, anxiety, irritability, impaired short-term memory
• long-term use is concerning for executive function deficits
• prenatal exposure to opioids: low birth weight, low cognitive functioning, decreased brain volumes

Question 24

zika virus

Answer 24

• congenital zika syndrome (born with it)
• microcephaly, limb anomalies, spasticity, seizures
• no vaccine currently available

Question 25

prematurity

Answer 25

- born before or at 36th week of gestation

Question 26

low birth weight

Answer 26

- below 5.5 lbs

Question 27

very low birth weight

Answer 27

- below 3.3 lbs

Question 28

extremely low birth weight

Answer 28

- less than 2.2 lbs

Question 29

micropreemie

Answer 29

less than 1.7 lbs

Question 30

small gestational age infants

Answer 30

- either full term or premature - birth weight below the 10th percentile - may appear malnourished due to intrauterine growth restriction - can be caused by maternal malnutrition, illness, lifestyle, or shared space in utero (twins)

Question 31

physical and behavioral characteristics of the premature infant

Answer 31

- presence of fine body hair, smooth reddish skin, absence of skin creases, ear cartilage and breast buds - reduced muscle tone (hypotonicity), increased joint mobility

Question 32

etiologies of premature birth

Answer 32

- increased obstetric interventions (C-sections) - use of assisted reproduction techniques (in vitro fertilizations) - high number of multiple pregnancies - increased substance abuse in urban areas - maternal infections - adolescent pregnancies