Managing Thinking Errors
*Mindfulness
*Self observation
*Willingness to have 6th Sense Experiences
*Nomothetic measures can be helpful/essential
best defense against inaccurate
conclusions
- Using valid & reliable measures
- Using multiple methods of measuring
What does Using valid & reliable measures do?
Guard against bias/blindspots
What does Using multiple methods of measuring do?
Blend the various strengths and weaknesses
every instrument inevitably has
Attributes of a Good Test
*Reliability–consistency
*Validity–measures what it purports to measure
*Clear instructions for administering, scoring and
interpreting
*Efficient use (incremental validity)
RULES for Assessment
*Do no harm (non-malfeasance)
*Do good (beneficence)
*Promote autonomy (informed consent)
*Be just (be fair)
New assessment measures
-Wartegg Drawing Completion (CWS)
-Adult Attachment Projective
-Thurston Cradock Test of Shame
General Domains of Psychological
Assessment
*Personality assessment (traits and states)
*Intellectual assessment
*Neuropsychological assessment
*Vocational assessment
Intelligence
It is a general label for a group of processes that are
inferred from observable behaviors.
General areas of most definitions (for Intelligence):
- Abstract thinking
- Learning from experience
- Solving problems through insight
- Adjusting to new situations
- Focusing and sustaining one’s abilities to
achieve a desired goal
General Domains of Psychological
AssessmentAssessment
- Personality assessment (traits and states)
- Intellectual assessment
- Neuropsychological assessment
-Vocational assessment
Factors that can Influence Scores
- Test anxiety
- Willingness to cooperate
- Level of distress
- Depression or psychosis
- Tendency to agree or disagree
- Prior experience with the test or coaching
-Luck - Examiner skill
- Personal characteristics of examiner in interaction
with the test-taker
Four Major Traditions in
Approaching Intelligence
- Psychometric Approaches
- Information Processing Approaches
- Neuro-biological Approaches
- Developmental Approaches
PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACHES
Assumes intelligence is a trait in which there
are individual differences (normally distributed)
- started with Binet
Psychometric Approaches—Spearman (1904)
Proposed “g” or a general factor common to all types of intellectual activity and “s” specific factors to each task
What is the positive manifold within intelligence
Intelligence tests are positively correlated
-Some portion of the variance of scores on each test attributed to each test attributed to “g”
Some regard “g” as the most basic measure of intelligence
Structure of WAIS
FSIQ
VCI WMI PRI PSI
VC-SI-IN-CO DS-PS-AR BD-VP-MR CD-SS-CA
Horn & Cattel (1963)
Three stratum model
-g
-Fluid intelligence (Gf)–processing ability
-Crystalized intelligence (Gc)—stored information
Fluid Intelligence (Gf)
- Dependent on brains efficiency intactness
- Enables problem solving, perceiving relationships
- Primarily non-verbal, culture free
- Increases until age 14 then levels off until 20 then gradually declines
Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)
-Largely environmentally determined
- Content oriented (Vocabulary, Information)
-Relatively permanent and not as susceptible to brain damage
-Develops from interaction of Gf and environment
-Grows until age 40 then gradually declines
Cattell, Horn, & Carroll (CHC Model) (1993 to ~2013)
Merging of two systems (Wechsler and C & H) incorporated several more specialized functions
5 Factor Model (Keith factors)
-Verbal Comprehension Index
-Working Memory Index
-Visual Spatial Index
-Fluid Reasoning Index
-Processing Speed Index
INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACHES
-Focuses on processes rather than content
-How information is received, stored, retrieved, manipulated, transformed
Processing Speed and IQ correlation
> speed of apprehension, scanning, retrieving, and responding to stimuli
correlations increase as tasks become more complex
