midterm

Question 1

what are the 4 frame works of psychology, who created them

Answer 1

• Behaviourism: Watson & Skinner
• Evolutionary: Darwin
• Psychodynamics: Freud
• Social-cultural: Lewin

Question 2

What is the process of deriving information in psychology (catalog, predict, apply)

Answer 2

Anecdotal info: describe and measure information then catalog ex. case studies

Basic info: deals with empirical, theoretical data so we can understand & predict behavior
ex. experiments/testing

Applied approach: run the data to quantify the numbers
ex. a study that asks what advertisement makes people most likely to purchase a product

Question 3

What is Behaviorism psychology?

Answer 3

Developed by Watson and Skinner, A branch of psychology that focuses on studying only directly observable behaviors rather than abstract mental processes

Question 4

What is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 4

Developed by Darwin, the Field of study believes that the body and brain are products of evolution and that genetic inheritance plays an important role in shaping the complete range of thoughts and behaviors

Question 5

What is Psychodynamic Psychology/psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 5

Developed by Freud, a theory that human mental processes are influenced by the competition between unconscious forces to come into awareness

Question 6

What is socio-cultural psychology?

Answer 6

Developed by Lewin, norms of society are learned through interaction with others, behaviors may be culturally universal or cross-culturally

Question 7

What are the 3 major branches of psychology? (ie what people go into after getting their degree)

Answer 7

• Academic psychology
• Applied psychology
• Counselling psychology

Question 8

What is the academic branch of psychology (job)

Answer 8

• Focusing on research and instruction in the various areas and fields of study in psychology,
• typically work at universities where they teach and conduct research

Question 9

What is the applied branch of psychology (Job)

Answer 9

• It Applies psychological principles to practical problems in other fields such as education, marketing or industry,
• typically work with business consulting managers to address selection, performance etc

Question 10

What is the counselling branch of psychology (Job)

Answer 10

• The study of abnormal psychological behaviour and interventions designed to change that behaviour,
• typically work as therapists, Freudian couch where patients lie on couch and say whatever came to mind while he took notes (shrinks)

Question 11

What is the scientific method? (6 steps)

Answer 11

1. Observation (ask a question, research it)
2. Hypothesis (form hypothesis based on research)
3. Test hypothesis/ experiment (design a study)
4. Collect data (the tests results)
5. Analyze data (find correlates)
6. share data (report findings)

Question 12

What are independent and dependent variables

Answer 12

• Independent: Condition or event that is thought to be that factor changing another condition or event
  ex. type of soda diet or regular
• Dependent: Condition or event that is expected to change as a result of the independent variable
  ex. level of blood sugar from the different types of soda
• The changing of an Independent variable will affect the dependent variable

Question 13

what should a hypothesis cover?

Answer 13

That a variable (Independent) will affect another variable (Dependent), and that these variables are operationalized

Question 14

What does it mean to operationalize a variable? (measure)

Answer 14

To give a variable a testable/measurable definition

ex. When testing the speed of a car you would use mph.

Question 15

How do researchers choose participants?

Answer 15

They take a sample, a group of people studied in an experiment, used to stand in for an entire group of people, probably using random selection

Question 16

What are the 2 primary research methods, describe them (1 is observation, 1 is testing)

Answer 16

• Descriptive: focuses on Case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys. Used to Observe, collect and record data
• experimental research: Manipulation and control of variables. Identifies cause and effect

Descriptive describes behavior or data through observation, while experimental research attempts to seek and explain cause and effect by manipulating and testing data/variables

Question 17

What are correlates?

Answer 17

Predictable relationship between two or more variables ex. an up tick in sun burns and sunscreen sales, the correlate is summer

Question 18

Why doesn’t correlation equal causation

Answer 18

Because Just because two things correlate does not mean that they directly affect each other

ex. When a phone is low on battery, the phone slows down and the screen turns darker. Just because the phone slowing down correlates with the darker screen does not mean the two variables are causing the other. The causation is the phone being low on battery.

Question 19

What are the ethical guidelines researchers follow (6 steps)

Answer 19

1. Obtain Informed consent (signed waiver)
2. Protect participants from harm and discomfort (make it pleasant for them)
3. keep it confidential (results of studies are not to be identifiable)
4. Make participation voluntary (if they want to leave let them)
5. Do not use deception of incomplete disclosure (tell them the truth)
6. Provide complete debriefing (tell participants everything)

Question 20

What are the ethical guidelines researchers follow for using ANIMALS (The 3 Rs)

Answer 20

1. Animals should be used only if the researcher cannot find any alternative methods (Replacement if you don’t need to use animals dont)
2. use the least amount of animals possible (Reduction)
3. limit pain, treat humanely (Refinement)

Question 21

What is cross-sectional design?

Answer 21

• A research approach that compares groups of different-aged people to one another
• BUT It doesnt provide much explanation of how or when age related changes may have occured, cohort effects are difficult to separate for age effects

Question 22

What is the cohort effect?

Answer 22

• a group of people born around the same time will all be affected by the cultural and historical changes to which they were exposed as a cohort

ex. a lot of boomers are racist towards Vietnamese because they all lived through the Vietnam war

Question 23

What is longitudinal design?

Answer 23

• A research approach that follows the same people over a period of time by administering the same tasks or questionnaires and seeing how their responses change, prefered by researchers over cross sectional design
• BUT it takes along time and a lot of people drop out over the course of their lives for different reasons

Question 24

What is cohort-sequential design? (blended)

Answer 24

• Blended cross-sectional and longitudinal research, designed to look at how individuals from different age groups compare to one another and to follow them over time,
• it addresses the issue of the cohort effect separating it from age effect, something cross sectional couldn’t do

Question 25

What are quantitative changes & qualitative changes?

Answer 25

- Quantitative: involves gradual increases in some element, such as height or weight (ex. a caterpillar growing into a bigger caterpillar) - Qualitative: we are different in some way (caterpillar turning into a butterfly)

Question 26

What are teratogens? (prenatal)

Answer 26

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period (before birth) ex. smoking, drinking, diseases

Question 27

What is proximodistal and cephalocaudal patterns? (patterns of how fetuses develop)

Answer 27

- Proximodistal: fetus growth and development proceed from the center outwards (ie organs and body first then later limbs) - cephalocaudal: fetus growth develops from top to bottom, from head to foot (ie How the heads of babies are proportionately gigantic compared to their bodies and later their body size catches up)

Question 28

What are reflexes?

Answer 28

Programmed physical reactions that do not require any conscious thought to perform ex. close your eyes when something flies at your face

Question 29

What is synaptic pruning?

Answer 29

Developmental reduction of unnecessary neuronal connections allows stronger connections to flourish (kinda like cutting dead branches off a tree so the health branches can grow more)

Question 30

What is cognitive development?

Answer 30

Changes in thinking (development) that occur over the course of time

Question 31

What is Piagets theory of cognitive development? (expecting)

Answer 31

Piaget believed people acquire and continuously build their schemes through experiences ex. Children acquire schemes about birthday parties based on their own, a child might expect cake at a friends party since there was cake at their own birthday

Question 32

What is a scheme?

Answer 32

Piaget proposed a mental structure of framework for understanding or thinking about the world, they can change and as we gain knew knowledge ie the mental picture/idea of something in your head

Question 33

What is the process of Piaget's cognitive development? (schema, assimilation, accommodation)

Answer 33

1. Schema: Template to organize information ex. child has pre-existing template of large furry thing = dog 2. Assimilation: Apply template (schema) to new information ex. A child who knows what a dog is when faced with a bear might think it is a huge dog, calling the bear a huge dog is assimilation as they recognize it as what they perceive dogs to be (their pre-existing schema) 3. Accommodation: Change the template in light of new information ex. Large furry thing doesn't equal dog, large furry thing equals bear, new schema of what bear is

Question 34

What is factorial & multivariate designs for experimental research?

Answer 34

- Factorial design: Manipulate more than one independent variable eg several conditions - Multivariate design: Measure more than one Dependant Variable eg several measures

Question 35

_______ is a research approach where scientists catalog data

Answer 35

Anecdotal

Question 36

which of the following approaches rely on quantitative data? A) laboratory studies B) surveys C) field research D) A+C E) all of the above

Answer 36

(C) field research because quantitative data is based on researching the social world and field research is the best way to do that

Question 37

What is the preoperational stage in child development? (2-7 yoa)

Answer 37

- A developmental stage where a child begins to develop ideas of objects in the external world, - involves egocentrism and centration

Question 38

What is Egocentrism? (preoperational stage)

Answer 38

- Flaws in children's reasoning based on their inability to take another person's perspective ex. remember the video of the kid with the model, he could see a deer and a river but the researcher couldn't, when they asked the kid what they (the researcher could see) the kid just listed what he himself could see, deer and river

Question 39

What is centration? (preoperational stage)

Answer 39

- The understanding that certain properties of an object remain the same despite changes in its appearance ex. 2 cups filled the same one is poured into a thinner taller cup, children think the taller glass is more water due to size difference

Question 40

what is the Concrete operational stage in child development? (7-11 yoa) (what they know to be true/CONCRETE in real world)

Answer 40

Stage during which children are able to talk about complex relationships but are still limited to understanding ideas in terms of real-world relationships ex. kids understand cause and effect, size, distance etc

Question 41

What is the Formal operational stage in child development? (12+ yoa) (think outside box, use imagination)

Answer 41

Final cognitive development stage, children achieve hypothetical deductive reasoning and the ability to think abstractly ex. tell a kid before this stagein a prompt that a feather can break a stone they wont be able to understand that this is hypothetical and will say no you cant since thats how the real world works, tell a kid in this stage you can break a rock with a feather they can understand that is not real life and except it as factual in this hypothetical

Question 42

What is Vygotsky's "social child" theory? (how children learn socially)

Answer 42

- learning relies on instructions and mimicry from the environment (scaffolding) - Interactions with mentors (parents, older siblings, teachers, peers etc) help by initially taking responsibility for basic tasks and as they get older the mentors take less responsibility ex. Helping children with homework but not doing it for them (scaffolding)

Question 43

What are the 4 parenting styles?

Answer 43

- Authoritative (good) - Authoritarian (ass) - Permissive (helicopter) - Uninvolved (who cares)

Question 44

What is authoritative (ative = good) parenting, what is the child outcome (how they turn out)?

Answer 44

- The parenting style where parents are nurturing, and reasonable and encourage autonomy in children, - children should end up with high self-esteem, being cooperative and socially mature (think popular kid)

Question 45

What is authoritarian (arian = ass) parenting, what is the child outcome?

Answer 45

- Parenting is Cold, rejecting frequently critical of child, - the child ends up with low self esteem, anxious, unhappy aggressive (think Max)

Question 46

What is permissive (helicopter) parenting, what is the child outcome?

Answer 46

- Warm accepting, but micro-managing and overindulgent - Child ends up impulsive, disobedient rebellious, and overly dependent on adults (think Me)

Question 47

What is uninvolved (who cares) parenting, what is the child outcome?

Answer 47

- Emotionally distant, little or no time spent with child - Child ends up anxious, has poor communication skills, anti-social (think school shooter)

Question 48

What are the 4 types of parental attachment, do they have high or low proximity with the mother and high or low anxiety? (S, A, A, D)

Answer 48

1. Secure (interactive): high proximity with mom, low anxiety 2. Anxious (inconsistent): high proximity, high anxiety 3. avoidant (unresponsive): low proximity, low anxiety 4. disorganized ( traumatizing): low proximity, high anxiety

Question 49

What is attachment?

Answer 49

Attachment is a significant emotional connection to another person ex. Mother-child

Question 50

What are stages 1-2 of moral reasoning? (pre-conventional 0<9) (think punish & reward)

Answer 50

stage 1:punishment & obedience ex. avoid pain of punishment stage 2: cost-benefit ex. get rewarded for doing good

Question 51

What are stages 3-4 of moral reasoning? (conventional adolescence & adult) (think social)

Answer 51

Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl ex. gain acceptance, avoid disapproval Stage 4: Law and Order ex. follow rules/social norms/laws

Question 52

What are stages 5-6 of moral reasoning? (Post-conventional 10-15% of adults) (think improve society)

Answer 52

Stage 5: Social Contract ex. promote societies welfare Stage 6: Ethical Principles ex. Achieve justice

Question 53

What are "between groups" and "within groups" in experimental research?

Answer 53

- Between groups: Expose each group to one condition eg.different participants in control and treatment groups - Within groups: Expose a single group to 2 different conditions eg. same participants in control and treatment groups

Question 54

What is Functionalism?

Answer 54

Developed by william james, it is a approach that considers how mental processes function to adapt to changing environments ties into evoluntionary approach, ie why are we as humans able to see red but cats cant? humans because of our environment can see red since it was important to see fruit for survival, cats, predators, don't need to see fruit but do need to see squirrels so they never evolved to see red but have cat-like reflexes as it was important to survive

Question 55

What is structuralism

Answer 55

A philosophical approach made by Wundt, that studies the structure of conscious experience, ie what is the color red