1
Q
define isograft
A
subset of allograft from donor to genetically identical person
2
Q
define pyknosis
A
nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia
3
Q
morphological manifestations seen in irreversible tissue injury
A
- plasma membrane disruption
- mitochondria swelling and leaking
- ER massive disruption and fragmentation
4
Q
morphological manifestations seen in reversible tissue injury
A
- cellular swelling : due to failure of energy dependent ion pumps
- fatty change: occurs in hypoxic injury
- ER: dilation with detachment of polysomes
- mitochondria: modest swelling
5
Q
describe adaptive immunity
A
mechanisms stimulated by microbes that recognize microbial/nonmicrobial substances
6
Q
general principals of microbial pathogenesis
A
7
Q
what is a superbug
A
bacteria resistant to most antibiotics
8
Q
define autograft
A
transplant of tissue to same person
9
Q
mercury poisoning caused from ______ and causes _____
A
contained fish and dental amalgams; cerebral palsy, deaf, blindness, CNS defects (Minamata disease)
10
Q
what is artificially acquired passive immunity
A
preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced by injection
11
Q
what is pleomorphism
A
variation in size and shape (seen in dysplasia)
12
Q
fibrinoid necrosis is characterized by
A
necrosis in arteries, arterioles, venues, and glomerular capillaries
- due to antigen and antibodies depositing in walls of arteries
13
Q
fat necrosis is characterized by
A
- calcium soaps, dull opaque white patches
- occurs in hemorrhagic pancreatitis
14
Q
caseous necrosis is characterized by
A
-necrotic tissue is yellowish-white and cheesy
- seen in tuberculous lesions
15
Q
liquefactive necrosis is characterized by
A
- necrotic tissue rapidly liquefied
- infarction of brain and spinal cord
- pyogenic abscess: necrotic core liquefied by proteolytic enzymes
- necrotic material creamy yellow due to pus
16
Q
coagulative necrosis is characterized by
A
- sudden cut of the blood supply
- denaturation of proteins making tissue hard opaque white
- seen in infarcts
17
Q
patterns of tissue necrosis are
A
coagulative, liquefaction, fat, caseous, fibrinoid, gangrenous
18
Q
define neoplasia
A
new growth due to disorder of cell growth
19
Q
cadmium poisoning caused from ______ and causes _____
A
rechargeable batteries; obstructive lung disease and kidney damage
20
Q
effects of chronic alcoholism
A
alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastritis, gastric ulcer, peripheral neuropathies, wernicke korasfoff syndrome, heart disease, fetal alcohol syndrome
21
Q
atrophy and dysplasia
A
shrinkage in size of cells
22
Q
specific defense include
A
23
Q
types of immunoglobulins
A
24
Q
cellular adaptations
A
25
mechanical trauma injury depends on
- type of object
- amount of energy discharged
- tissue/organ affected at point of impact
- patterns of injury
26
what is source of prostaglandins and what is its action
source: mast cells leukocytes
action: vasodilation, pain, fever
27
what is source of serotonin and what is its action
source: platelets
action: vasocontrictor
28
what cells release bradykinin and what is its function
source: derived from plasma proteins
action: increases vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, pain
29
what cells release histamine and what is its action
source: mast cells, basophils, platelets
action: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation
30
types of hypersensitivity reactions
31
effects of tobacco
oral/lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis
32
define infectious disease
disease caused by bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungus
33
clinical aspects of malignant neoplasia are
grow rapidly, may ulcerate, invade into deeper tissues, may spread, and cause weight loss
34
define pus
purulent exudate, inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (neutrophils) debris of dead cells
35
non specific defense include
36
irreversible tissue injury
37
what can occur in hypothermia
loss of consciousness, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, frostbite, frostnip
38
injuries from acetaminophen
hepatocellular intrise, centrilobular necrosis, liver failure
39
causes of tissue injury
hypoxia, chemical agents, infectious agents, immunological reactions, genetic factors, nutritional imbalances, physical agents, aging
40
define dysplasia
disordered but non neoplastic proliferation
41
characteristics of acute inflammation
sudden and short term
42
the cells of immune response are
43
define Karyorrhexis
pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation
44
what causes hypothermia
prolonged exposure to low temperatures
45
define pathogen
an infectious agent that causes disease
46
how are bacteria classified
- gram stain
- need of O2
- shape
47
characteristics of malignant tumors are
- invasive replacing adjacent tissue
- often recur
- may metastasize
- grow quickly
- may cause cachexia
48
clinical aspects of benign neoplasia are
slow growing and depending on location may be asymptomatic (lipoma) or symptomatic (meningioma)
49
what are third degree burns
full thickness burns extend to subcutaneous tissue
- damage to muscle tissue under subcutaneous tissue
50
cardinal signs of inflammation are
heat (calor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa)
51
injuries by physical agents include
- trauma
- heat or cold
- radiation
- electric shock
52
define transudate
fluid with low protein content (mostly albumin), no cellular material
53
what are the different categories of infectious agents
prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites
54
tumor nomenclature
55
define abrasion, contusion, incision, laceration, penetrating wound, puncture wound
- scraping or rubbing away of skin
- closed wound from blow (bruise)
- open clean straight edges
- open torn jagged edges
- open skin is pierced
- open made by sharp object
56
vitamin A deficiency
impaired vision (night blindness), epithelial metaplasia, keratinization, xerophthalmia (dry eye), blindness
57
what are predisposing disease and risk factors for cancer
58
what is artificially acquired active immunity
antigens introduced in vaccines
59
describe opiates and injuries from opiates
CNS depression; respiratory depression, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, cutaneous lesions
60
purulent (suppurative) inflammation is characterized by
- production of pus and edema fluid
- associated with staphylococci
- abscesses: localized collection of purulent inflammation
61
fibrinous inflammation is characterized by
- fibrinous exudate due to large vascular leaks
- inflammation of meninges, pericardium, pleura
62
cell mediated immunity is performed by what cells and what is its function
t lymphocytes; provide protection vs intracellular microbes
63
antibody mediated immunity is performed by what cells and what is its function
B lymphocytes; antibodies provide protection vs extracellular microbes in body fluids
64
dominant cells in chronic inflammation is
macrophages
65
chronic inflammation is characterized by
- infiltration with mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells)
- tissue destruction
- attempts of healing (fibrosis)
66
vasodilation is induced by ___ and results in ____
histamine; increases blood flow and causes heat and redness (erythema)
67
serous inflammation is marked by
- exudation of cell poor fluid to site of injury
- low leukocyte #s
- from skin blister from burn or viral infection
68
the major components of acute inflammation are
1. dilation of vessels to increase blood flow
2. increased permeability
3. emigration of leukocytes
69
morphological patterns of acute inflammation and examples
serous inflammation, fibrinous inflammation, ulcerative inflammation, suppurative inflammation
70
hallmarks of cancer are
1. self sufficiency in growth signals
2. insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
3. absence of apoptosis
4. limitless proliferative capacity
5. sustained angiogenesis
6. tissue innovation and metastasis
7. reprogramming of metabolic pathways
8. ability to evade immune system
71
injuries from oral contraceptives
increase risk of venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism, cervical carcinomas with women infected with papilloma virus (HPV)
72
define allograft
transplant of organ or tissue between two genetically non identical people
73
what is naturally acquired passive immunity
antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta or mothers milk
74
define exudate
extravascular fluid that has high protein concentration and contains cellular dermis; implies increase permeability from injury
75
define xenograft
transplant of organ from one species to another
76
what occurs in hyperthermia
elevation in body temperature
77
what can hyperthermia result in
heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke
78
what are first degree burns
superficial burns confined to epidermis
79
vitamin D deficiency
rickets and osteomalacia (skeletal diseases)
80
the cellular adaptations to stress are
hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia
81
define karyolysis
basophils of chromatin may fade
82
injuries from anabolic steroids
stunted growth, acne, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy
83
arsenic poisoning caused from ______ and causes _____
soil, water, herbicides; interferes with mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation, sensimotor neuropathy, skin changes and increase risk of cancer
84
types of graft failures
hyper acute rejection, acute rejection, chronic rejection
85
main categories of bioterrorism
Category A: easily transmitted
Category B: moderately easy to transmit
Category C: Emerging pathogens with potential for high mortality
86
what are xenobiotics
exogenous chemicals from environment that can be absorbed through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact
87
molecular basis of carcinogenesis
88
injuries from cocaine
sympathomimetic: tachycardia, hypertension, peripheral vasoconstriction, myocardial ischemia, coronary artery vasoconstriction
89
describe opiates and injuries from opiates
CNS depression; respiratory depression, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, cutaneous lesions
90
what is thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency and what are its causes
dry and wet beriberi, wernicke syndrome, Korsakoff syndrome (peripheral neuropathies, neural disorders)
- caused from chronic alcoholism
91
define tumor
neoplasm
92
what are second degree burns
partial thickness burns involving dermis
93
injuries from aspirin
headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, mental confusion, vomiting
94
describe innate immunity
mechanism that react to infections before infection to recognize and combat microbes
95
characteristics of chronic inflammation
gradual and prolonged
96
effects of acute alcoholism
fatty change, hepatic steatosis, acute gastritis, ulceration
97
characteristics of benign tumors are
- expansive compressing adjacent tissues
- do not recur
- do not metastasize
- grow slowly
- don't cause cachexia
98
lead poisoning caused from ______ and causes _____
lead containing paint; CNS defects and peripheral neuropathy, affect cartilage, hemoglobin synthesis, GI and kidneys
99
thermal injuries depend on
- type of burn
- % of body surface area
- depth and site of injury
- presence of infection
- complications
- presence of inhalation injury
100
what Is naturally acquired active immunity
antigen enter body naturally
101
define infection
when infectious agent enters body and begins to reproduce; may or may not cause disease
102
electrical injuries can include
cutaneous burns, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and ventricular fibrillation
103
define anaplasia
lack of differentiation
104
define apoptosis
normal phenomena that serves to eliminate cells no longer needed and to maintain constant number of cells
105
what is the staging and grading criteria for cancers
grading: based on degree of differentiation
staging: size of lesion and event of spread
TNM: tumor, lymph node, metastases
106
injuries from MHT
MHT increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, and venous thromboembolism
107
describe marijuana and injuries from marijuana
used to treat nausea and cancer chemotherapy by decreasing pain
108
antibody mediated immunity is performed by what cells and what is its function
B lymphocytes; antibodies provide protection vs extracellular microbes in body fluids
109
type 1 hypersensitivity is triggered by
- binding of an antigen to IgE on surface of mast cells
- ALLERGIC REACTION
110
type 2 hypersensitivity occurs due to
- IgG and IgM antibodies that react with antigen present on cell surfaces
111
type 3 hypersensitivity occurs due to
antigen antibody complexes produce tissue damage mainly by eliciting inflammation at site of deposition
112
type 4 hypersensitivity occurs due to
- inflammation resulting from cytokines produced by CD4 T cells and cell killing by CD8 T cells
- reactions delayed days
113
what risk factors increase risk of cancer development
- infectious agents (human papilloma virus HPV)
- smoking
- alcohol consumption
114
what acquired predisposing conditions increase chance of cancer
- endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma
- cervical leukoplakia and cervical squamous cell CA
- oral leukoplakia
- bronchial epithelial dysplasia
115
onco genes are
cancer causing genes
116
proto oncogenes are
normal genes that stimulate normal cell growth and division
117
function of tumor suppressor genes
normally restrain cell growth
118
for cancer to occur, what genes must be mutated
tumor suppressor genes must be turned off and Onco genes must be turned on
119
role of natural killer cells
- kill infected or damaged cells
120
role of antigen presenting cells
- capture microbes and display them for lymphocytes
121
role of antibodies
- neutralize microbes and block their infectivity and promote phagocytosis
122
function of CD4+ helper T cells is to
- help B cells secrete antibodies
- activate macrophages
- stimulate recruitment of leukocytes
123
CD4+ T cells are mediated by
cytokines
124
TH17 cells releases ____ and what is its function
IL-17; recruit neutrophils and monocytes to destroy bacteria and fungi
