Anth100 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

The lower _____ has evidence of both gradualism and adaptive radiation in human evolution, leading to many species of hominins

A

palaeolithic

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2
Q

The human capacity for culture relies on many things, but the key piece that allow culture to change are selection and ______

A

innovation

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3
Q

______ may be positive, negative, or neutral

A

mutations

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4
Q

Platyrrhini have ______ fingers, toes, and tails

A

prehensile

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5
Q

A trait that occurs because of common ancestry is referred to as a ______

A

homology

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6
Q

This suborder of primates includes lemurs, but not tarsiers

A

strepsirhini

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7
Q

Cultural ______ is a debunked hypothesis that suggested that humans are forced to behave in a particular way because of our culture

A

determinism

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8
Q

Reduced ______ is a primate evolutionary trend that continues throughout human evolution, leading up to our species

A

prognathism

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9
Q

_______ is the study of processes that affect bones, for example weathering, scavenging, and fossilization

A

taphonomy

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10
Q

This characteristic of the anthropological lens would suggest that we need to understand humans both in terms of culture and biology, for example

A

Holism

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11
Q

Ethnography

A
  • one culture in detail
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12
Q

Ethnology

A
  • compares across cultures
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13
Q

Evolution

A
  • change over time
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14
Q

Culture

A
  • learned behaviours and ideas
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15
Q

Subfields of anthropology (4, kinda 5)

A
  • biological
  • cultural
  • linguistic
  • archaeology
    (- applied)
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16
Q

Typology

A
  • study of classes with common characteristics
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17
Q

Emic

A
  • cultural insiders view
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18
Q

Etic

A
  • outside observer’s view
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19
Q

Cultural relativism

A
  • all cultures equally valid
  • understanding the whole
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20
Q

Enculturation

A
  • process of a child learning their culture
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21
Q

4 aspects of culture

A
  • learned
  • symbolic
  • shared
  • holistic
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22
Q

ethnocentrism

A
  • others are wrong or abnormal for being different than us
  • our way of life is correct
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23
Q

How many species of primates?

A
  • around 500
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24
Q

common primate characteristics

A
  • prehensibility
  • large brains
  • diverse diets
  • forward facing eyes
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25
adaptive radiation
- animals evolve to fill ecological niche - ex. dinos go extinct
26
primate phrenology (4 terms to remember)
- strepsirhini - haplorhini: - platyrrhini - catarrhini
27
wet nose
- strepsirhini
28
dry nose
- haplorhini
29
folivery
- mainly eat leaves
30
kinds of strepsirhini
- lemur - loris
31
kinds of haplorhini
- tarsiers - monkeys - apes - humans
32
platyrrhini characteristics
- flat nose - nostrils point out - prehensile tail
33
catarrhini characteristics
- no prehensile tail - nostrils point down - sexual dimorphism
34
hypothesis
- must be testable - can collect and analyze data - support/reject
35
theory
- multiple well-supported hypotheses
36
gene flow
- genes move between populations - members of the same species but don't normally mate
37
genetic drift
- random factor in evolution - small group leaves, parent population begins new population
38
gradualism
- speed of evolution - slow and steady
39
punctuated equillibrium
- speed of evolution - slow and steady, interrupted by brief significant change
40
speciation
- new species emerge
41
genetics
- study of individual genes and role in inheritance
42
Linnaeus
- binomial system - 2 names (homo sapien)
42
Lamarck
- organisms respond to their environment by changing - changes are passed on - made Darwin's theories possible
43
Covier
- studied fossil records
44
Lyell
- world is product of gradual changes over time - uniformitarianism: changes are ongoing
45
Darwin
- common origin - natural selection
46
microevolution
- small changes - single species - few generations
47
macroevolution
- changes lead to new species - diversification over millions of years
48
misconceptions about genetics
- single genes code for most traits - mutations are always bad - inbreeding leads to mutations - DNA is fixed at birth
49
when was the earliest tool use?
- 3.3 mya
50
fossil
- any preserved early human remains
51
fossil record
- interpretation of human evolution - the assembly of human remains collected
52
osteology
- study of the human skeleton
53
determining age of fossils (3 methods)
- potassium argon dating - radiocarbon dating - dating by association
54
defining characteristics between hominins and hominoids
- bipedalism - teeth - skulls
55
lower palaeolithic
- hominoid development - about 4.4 mya - 500,000 ya
56
middle paleolithic
- neandertals and homo sapiens - about 500 kya - 40 kya
57
upper palaeolithic
- homo sapiens - about 40 kya - 12 kya
58
ape and hominin differences
- prognathism (we are flat faced) - brow ridge - sagittal crest - cranial capacity
59
australopithecus
- 4.2 mya - 1st clearly bipedal hominid - everything other than skull looks human
60
homo habilis
- 1.5 mya - may have evolved into erectus - 1st of our genus
61
homo heidelbergensis
- transitional species between H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis/sapiens
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