1
Q
fascism
A
- “aestheticizing of politics”
- some groups are good and should be part of society, some are worse and shouldn’t
- nationalist group in SCW, militarized rebels against leftist government
2
Q
marxism
A
- “politicizing of aesthetics”
- leftist side in SCW
3
Q
communist party
A
- CP
- extremist leftists
- hated socialists
4
Q
socialists
A
- less extreme than communists
- a little private owenership w/regulation
- hated communists
5
Q
anarchists
A
- no hierarchy
- local groups make decisions rather than big government
- red and black scarf people in bar, sitting around drinking instead of helping
6
Q
POUM
A
- non-Stalinist communist party in Spain
- accused of being Trotskyites (marxists who wanted permanent communist revolution)
- declared illegal
7
Q
SIM
A
- republican service of military intelligence
- Robert Jordan
8
Q
IB
A
- international brigades, volunteers from US, UK, and France fighting illegally for Republic
- led by Andre Marty
- organized by comintern (international comm. party)
- lacked equipment and training
- Americans organized in Abraham Linocoln Brigade, 1/3 Jewish and ~80 African Americans
- “premature anti fascists” were used to describe American volunteers as code for communists
9
Q
Spain before 1936
A
- very poor, most of population were peasant farmers w/out land
- low literacy and no education for women
- Church was in charge and prevented modernization
10
Q
Popular Front
A
- elected in Feb 1936
- people from leftist groups, called for reform
11
Q
SCW starting date
A
- July 18, 1936
12
Q
Franco
A
- army general who led coup against Popular Front and later became dictator from 1939-1975
- “defending real spain”
- randomly pardoned people
- Spain didn’t join WW2 so he wasn’t removed as dictator when fascists lost
- dissolved Spanish parliament
- ~500k deaths
13
Q
International alliances
A
- Hitler (Germany) and Mussolini (Italy) supported nationalists, gave a lot of help, helped transport Army of Africa to Seville at beginning of war
- USSR only country to actually help Republic but didn’t actually help enough and CP gained influence
- US, UK, and France made it illegal to help Republic
- British navy helped Nationalists and British diplomats voiced support for their cause
14
Q
Guernica
A
- April 1937
- firebombed by Hitler’s condor legions (pilots)
- seen as symbol of fascist violence against humanity as a whole
- pilots may have done it on accident bc they thought they were flying over battlefield
15
Q
May 1937
A
- POUM publishes criticism of Stalin
- communists were very disciplined and against free speech, arrested and killed POUM leader Andres Nin and POUM is declared illegal
- seen as betrayal of Republic’s morals
- communists argued that in time of crisis, people couldn’t disagree w/authority, Hemingway believed this
16
Q
Munich Accords
A
- September 1938
- Appeasement, UK gave land to Germany in hopes of stopping them from expanding
- shows how Republic failed to get other countries to side w/them
17
Q
Barcelona falls
A
- January 1939
18
Q
Madrid falls
A
- March 1939
19
Q
War end date
A
- April 1, 1939
20
Q
Red terror
A
- Republican violence
- 38-55k killed, mostly industrialists, landowners, and ppl who sided w/church (local issues)
- mostly by vigilantes
21
Q
White terror
A
- Nationalist violence
- 155-200k killed through courts and arrests, state-sanctioned
- continues after war
22
Q
Hemingway’s opinions
A
- passionately anti-fascist, saw refusal of democracies to help Republic as betrayal
- admired communist discipline, disliked POUM and dissenters during time of crisis
23
Q
Hemingway’s life in connection w/FWTBT and other works
A
- many of his works were semi-autobiographical and about veterans w/trauma (he was injured as ambulance driver in WW1)
- committed suicide, many of his characters commit suicide
- blamed his mother for his fathers suicide like RJ in FWTBT, during his time men had to be strong and couldn’t feel trauma
24
Q
lost causism
A
- idolizing losing side of war, mostly seen with antebellum south after the Civil War in America
- FWTBT was lost causism of SCW
- Hemingway compared Republican leadership to McClellan, a cowardly Union leader, and they were morally right like North in American Civil War
25
bridge attack in FWTBT
- based on real offensive in May 1937 to take Segovia and relieve pressure on Basques in north
26
bullfighting
- Hemingway was obsessed w/Spanish culture and bullfighting
- used it as metaphore for writing, saw it as theatric performance rather than athletic contest
- tragedy bc bull will die in the end
- bullfighter must perform by putting their chest in way of bull's horns bc artists must be emotionally raw
27
iceberg theory
- Hemingway believed words on the page must be the part of the ice out of the water with much deeper meaning beneath that can't be seen surface-level
28
Robert Jordan vs. Pablo
- they are both very intelligent
- RJ represent discipline and is willing to die for the cause, Pablo is cowardly and tries to run away from bridge plan
29
Maria
- represents Spain and Spanish land
- RJ's commitment to her represents his commutment to Spanish cause
- she was attacked by Nationalists like Spain was
30
Pilar
- intelligent, good leader but ugly
- opposite of Maria who is pretty but stupid
- Hemingway didn't believe women could be both
31
Kashkin
- guy who died before FWTBT that characters mention throughout, opposite of RJ
- cowardly, would rather be shot than captured
32
Killing of Dons
- example of red terror
- Hemingway doesn't show why peasants are angry to avoid being called a communist
33
RJ's politics
- would be blacklisted in US if he returned for helping in Spain
- like Hemingway, he supports discipline but not USSR's policies
34
El Sordo
- knows about bridge, republic failed to keep bridge plan a secret bc his group already knew about it
35
Gaylord
- hotel in Madrid where Republic leaders lived while their people fought
- shows hypocrisy of leaders
- USSR propped up Republic without actually helping and this stopped other democracies from wanting to help because of USSR influence
36
La Pasionaria
- woman of Republic who rallied people
- her son wasn't in the war, again shows hypocrisy
37
RJ's death
- his final connection with Maria shows how everyone is connected and that fascism comes for all of humanity
38
Enlightenment dates
- 1687-1804
- Newton's Principia Mathematica started it
39
Enlightenment ideas
- humanism: people are the center of things, not a god, the wellbeing of people should come above everything
- emphasis on evidence and reasoning rather than biblical/ancient knowledge
40
Adam Smith
- Scottish
- Wealth of Nations
- theorized about economics and described a capitalist society
- "invisible hand," businesses regulated by marketplace, not government
41
John Locke
- English
- natural rights, social contract
- government exists to protect natural rights
- "tabula rasa," blank slate, people are born a blank slate and shaped by society
- rule of law (laws decided by people)
- life, liberty, property
42
Rene Descartes
- French
- "cogito ergo sum," if you are thinking about your own existence, you must have thought
- Cartegian plane (xy axis)
43
Voltaire
- French
- civil libertieis, free speech, religious rights for minorities
44
Rousseau
- French
- social contract, republicanism
- state of nature vs. civil society (preserving natural rights and providing benefits of civilization)
45
Deism
- religious philosophy that describes God as clockmaker (clock runs perfectly forever and doesn't need intervention)
- God created the universe but is no longer involved, everything is a result of human actions
- American founders were Deists
46
Great Awakening
- revivalism in English colonies to turn society back to religious roots
- mostly marginalized people
- inspired greater political awareness and individualism
- opposed materialism
- mostly in South and some in Mid-Atlantic
- based on itinerate preachers and outdoor revival meetings, spontaneous church meetings
47
New Lights vs. Old Lights
- Old lights were more conservative and accepting of materialism, thought New Lights were too radical
- New Lights criticized materialism and were radical, Jonathan Edwards
48
Itinerants
- itinerant preachers were seen as preaching class revolt but they really weren't
- George Whitefield was prominent preacher
49
Jonathan Edwards
- wanted to show parishioners the condition of their souls
- believed in predestination and that people aren't deserving of heaven
- freaked out everyone in congregation
50
sugar plantations
- required a lot of hard labor, more difficult to work than other types of crops
- life expectancy of 3 years for slaves on sugar plantations
51
chattel slavery
- different from house slavery
- people were treated like property
- very brutal form of slavery
52
European sugar consumers
- due to industrial revolution, coffee, sugar, tobacco, and tea increased in popularity in Europe
- conspicuous consumption, people bought sugar to be seen buying sugar
53
transatlantic slave trade abolition date
1807
54
Washington Irving
- first American to earn international reputation in literature before Renaissance
- Scottish author Sir Walter Scott deems him a known international author
- most stories set in English countryside and copied Brit lit bc it was what was considered proper in Europe
- American stories set in upstate NY, where he's from
- The Sketch Book, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," "Rip Van Winkle"
55
American Renaissance
- 1830s-50s
- romanticism, opposite of Enlightenment, emotional and personal connections > scientific rationalism
- emphasis on how you are formed by connections w/world around you
- nonrealistic
56
Herman Melville
- Moby Dick: whale bites whalers leg off and captain becomes obsessed w/revenge which leads to everyone dying, shows dangers of obsession/revenge
- Benito Cereno: slave revolt on slave ship
57
Nathaniel Hawthorne
- The Scarlet Letter (1850), House of the Seven Gables(1851), Blithedale Romance (1852), Twice-Told Tales
58
Harriet Jacobs
- Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
59
Frederick Douglass
- Narrative of Frederick Douglass an Escaped Slave Written by Himself, my Bondage and my Freedom
60
Walt Whitman
- Leaves of Grass
- nondeep poetry
61
Margaret Fuller
- The Great Lawsuit
- early feminist author
62
Transcendentalism
- group of people within Renaissance who believed in spirit and transcending physical boundaries
- emphasized experiences w/world
- believed people are inherently good and government/society must allow them to be good
- antislavery
- led by Emerson
- Thoreau, Fuller, kind of Whitman
- Over-Soul
63
The Over-Soul
- shared universal soul that everyone's indivisual soul is connected to
- nature symbolizes spiritual world
64
Intersubjectivity
- mixing between 2 consciousnesses that changes one or both of them
- explained how things change into what they are
65
Hathorne family
- family thought they were very important and descended from Puritan founders, saw themselves as arisocrats; poor but formerly wealthy
- ancestors were judges at Salem Witch Trials: John and William (Nathaniel was angry about sins of his ancestors that tied him to land)
- Nathaniel's dad died when he was little, his mother was a nanny and seen as lesser so she and him were thrown out and they moved back in with her family close to Hathorne house
66
Hawthorne's early career
- Bowdoin College in Maine, still part of Massachusetts at the time, makes friends w/Franklin Pierce
- lived at home for 12 years working to become writer in solitude
- while he was studying he learned what his ancestors did at Salem Witch Trials
- changed name to Hawthorne to distance himself
67
Hawthorne as a writer
- wanted to be the best writer of his era and a bestseller
- saw current bestsellers as "a bunch of scribbling women," writing non-deep, easy things
- newspaper printed list of bestsellers and he wanted to get rich
68
patronage system
people put in orders for books and publishers printed based on demand, limited supply
69
publishing system
publishers print first and then it reaches public, became popular during Hawthorne's era
70
Hawthorne's career
- known as greatest writer of his era
- published 3 AM lit novels that nobody cared about in his liftetime
- Scarlet Letter only sold 7800 copies in his lifetime
- he had a dayjob and was mad people were buying sentimentalist (cheap emotional books) books instead of his
- made little money
- Franklin Pierce got him consulship in Liverpool (American rep in foreign country)
71
The Custom House
- Hawthorne worked in Salem custom house and was fired when Whigs took over
- name-dropped coworkers and ancestors
- TSL is culture of Hawthorne's era set 200 years before in Puritan era, not historically accurate
72
Ben Franklin's Autobiography
- believed church didn't focus enough on morality and actually teaching people how to be good Christians
- knowing right from wrong won't stop temptation, you must build good habits
- 13 virtues, everything in moderation. nobody can expect to be perfect and moral faults are normal
- education is important because you must have literacy to read virtues
73
Crevecoeur
- people in America can own their own land and keep their own wealth unlike in Europe, the key to american success. poor europeans can make a life for themselves in america
- there's less class distinction in America and people work for their own self interest rather than on someone else's farm
- america is very diverse depending on people's ethnicities and where they live in the country
- doesn't like natives because they don't own land and he's racist
74
Common Sense
- Thomas Paine
- practical ideas instead of emotional ideas about liberty/freedom
- Britain causes tensions with America and other countries and puts them in debt because of constant wars
- Britain doesn't care about America and only uses it to further its own interests
- Britain isn't really "mother country" because America is very diverse and a parent wouldn't oppress its "children" like Britain does to America
75
Fed 1
- Hamilton
- antifederalists are greedy for less centralized power so they can have power, they have other motives that aren't just for the people
- people shouldn't let fear and emotions drive them, they should use evidence and reasoning to think about which form of government is best
76
Fed 10
- James Madison
- factions allow political minorities to be overshadowed by majorities
- you can't take away right to form factions, but in a large republic their effects can be mitigated
- in a direct democracy, factions will always win, but in a representative democracy there is a larger chance you will have good reps and there is a larger variety of interests for factions to outcompete each other
77
Equiano
- included experiences in slavery being separated from his sister because white people didn't believe black people had emotional connections
- African house slavery was way less brutal than chattel slavery, he was allowed to be with his sister for a while
- Africans who took him to slave ship mirrored European culture
- wished for death rather than being on slave ship
- people who called themselves Christian were not really Christian because of their treatment of slaves, this bothered his audience
78
slave narratives
- "written by himself/herself" and often began with white minister vouching for that because people were racist and assumed black people were illiterate
- written for northern, white, female, Christian audience and included things to appeal to them
79
Alexander Stevens
- said "slavery is the cornerstone of a morally right society"
80
Rip Van Winkle
- Washington Irving
- Rip has an unchanging lifestyle w/Dutch origins, his wife is a New Englander and represents change
- Rip doesn't do profitable work but he's obedient and mellow, his wife bosses him around
- meets Dutch people in woods who are also unchanging and calm, Hendrick Hudson
81
Nature
- Emerson
- focusing on spiritual aspect/idea of things rather than physical things is more useful
- your soul vs. everything else in the world, including your physical body
- Emerson isn't alone when he's reading because he's reading for society and surrounded by it, to be truly isolated you must go into nature
- "transparent eyeball," he perceives everything equally and understands how everything is connected when he becomes part of the oversoul
- nature is the symbol of the spirit, which is the "real" thing
- idealism: there is an idea behind every physical object that's the real thing
82
The Minister's Black Veil
- Nathaniel Hawthorne
- minister is disconnected from society and won't show his true self, everyone hides their sins and who they really are
- veil blocks face to face connection, which romanticists thought was very important
- "everyone wears the veil"
83
The Birthmark
- Hawthorne
- nature/natural way of the world vs. artificial
84
Mr. Hooper
- minister in minister's black veil
85
Elizabeth
- Mr. Hooper's ex fiance in minister's black veil
- leaves him because he won't show her his face and he is disconnected
86
Alymer
- scientist in the birthmark
- treats wife Georgiana like an experiment/art to be "perfected" rather than a person
- blocks out sunlight from his lab, he is disconnected from nature and from his wife
87
Georgiana
- Alymer's wife, perfect except for the birthmark
- other men appreciate birthmark but Alymer is obsessed with perfection and wants to remove it
- dies when he gives her potion to get rid of it because it is connected to her spirit, you can't get rid of someone's natural reality
88
Aminadab
- Alymer's assistant
- described as ugly and realistic
- doesn't support getting rid of birthmark, he understands that it's natural and nothing's perfect
89
Fall of the House of Usher
- Edgar Allan Poe
- intersubjectivity of house and family + the twins with each other
- when everyone in the family house dies, the house crumbles
- shows dangers of too close a connection, family is inbred and sickly so their line dies out
- Roderick's disease is heightened sensitivity, meaning he's too connected with everything
90
Roderick
- dude in fall of the house of usher, last living member of the Ushers
- dies because he buried twin alive and she kills him, their own close connection led to his death
91
Madeline
- roderick's twin in fall of the house of usher
92
The Purloined Letter
- Poe
- shows dangers of too close a connection
- intersubjectivity between Minister D and Dupin
- Dupin becomes like Minister D and sets up his death, he is able to find the letter because he thinks like Minister D
- marble game, thinking like the other person rather than as yourself
- Dupin believes his actions are the consequences of Minister D's behavior of crossing him in Vienna
- Atreus killed Thyestes's sons and fed them to him because he seduced his wife
93
Harriet Jacobs
- women faced sexual harassment in slavery unlike men
- names master "Flint" bc he's breakable but seems strong
- mistress is cruel to Jacobs instead of to Flint because she has power over Jacobs and not over Flint, shows how slavery makes women mean
- Flint is upset he's rejected by black woman for a black man as he sees them as inferior, he's very offended over this
- Northerners didn't know how prevalent biracial children were and mistresses being jealous of slaves
94
Resistance to Civil Government
- Thoreau
- antislavery/Mexican war
- standing government oppresses people just like standing army does, it doesn't allow them to be naturally good
- government is "wooden gun" that seems useful and strong but is really unhelpful
- you must stop participating in a morally wrong society and actively fight against it
- voting is still participating in society and leaves important issues up to chance
95
Walden, where i lived and what i lived for
- Thoreau
- people shouldn't own land because they spend their time working on it instead of thinking and bettering themselves
- people are focused on progressing country without doing anything that helps them on path to intellectual thought and knowing themselves
- poverty prevents you from focusing on anything but the bare minimum, which are the most important parts of life
- life is like "German Confederacy," which is always changing and doesn't have set bounds
96
Frederick Douglass
- talks about how slavery destroys close connections and makes women jealous/stops them from being mothers
- appeals to northern female audience, since teaching children how to read was the most important part of motherhood and slavery prevented that
- shows how slavery laws that require food/clothes are actually bad and people are still mistreated
97
Bartleby, the Scrivener
- Herman Melville
- beginning of rise of NY/wall street
- Bartleby is disconnected from society and his job is mindless and damaging, he has little natural light/access to nature and he goes blind as wall street develops and buildings are built in front of his window
- Bartleby lives on his work which slowly kills him, office jobs cause disconnection
- Bartleby worked at the Dead Letters Office, which was where mail that couldn't be delivered went, shows how people were moving randomly to big cities and changing their addresses
98
Turkey
- worker in Bartleby who stopped working as well after lunch time
99
Nippers
- worker in Bartleby who only worked well in afternoons
100
Ginger Nut
- child who works in Bartleby office, he brings the men ginger nuts
101
TSL themes
- public connection is the only true connection. Pearl acted out until the very end when Dimmesdale confessed on the scaffold and allows her to kiss him
- you can't run away/hide from your sins, you must bear them publicly
- the patriarchy controls Hester, all of the decisions in her life are made by men
102
Hester Prynne
- main character in TSL, ostricized by society for adultery
- stronger person throughout most of book until the end where she wants to run away from their sins and Dimmesdale finally realizes he has to confess publicly
103
Roger Chillingworth
- Hester's husband, she was married for money and they don't love each other
- becomes town doctor and takes care of Dimmesdale, planning his revenge
- blames Hester for him turning more evil and twisted, an example of a bad close connection
- at the end he dies when Dimmesdale dies bc his only purpose was to get revenge and he never did
104
Arthur Dimmesdale
- father of Pearl, ex lover of Hester
- cowardly throughout most of book, wants someone to expose him so he doesn't have to do it himself
- at the end after he comes back from the forest talk w/Hester he burns his old sermon and writes a new one, showing how he's a new person now and he won't hide from his sins anymore
105
Pearl
- crazy child for most of the book, hurts animals and acts like a brat
- wants public connection w/her father, but Dimmesdale refuses until the very end where she becomes normal
- inherits Chillingworth's money and becomes very rich
- she moves to Europe w/Hester and after Hester moves back, she lives as a noble w/her husband
106
Governor Richard Bellingham
- current governor of Puritan colony throughout TSL
- shows hypocrisy of Puritans, his sister practices witchcraft and yet he's more focused on Hester, he was involved in the Pequot war and killed Native Americans, he had house slaves
107
Governor Winthrop
- former governor of Puritan colony in TSL, his funeral is on the day Dimmesdale goes to the scaffold and sees the red A in the sky
- people think the A stands for angel because of his death, shows how they don't believe people in power could ever do anything wrong
108
Mistress Hibbins
- Bellingham's sister
- practices witchcraft which Bellingham ignores, shows Puritan hypocrisy
109
John Wilson
- clergyman in TSL
- patriarchal figure
110
Isaac Johnson
- Puritan colony founder
- Pearl dances on his grave, she dances on the patriarchy and disrespects it/Puritan culture
111
John Hathorne
- great great grandfather of Nathaniel Hawthorne
- prominent judge in Salem Witch Trials
112
William Hathorne
- great great great grandfather of Nathaniel Hawthorne
- father of John Hathorne
113
Dimmesdale and Hester's graves
- slightly separated
- shows that even in death, they never had a true authentic connection
114
Why does Hester come back to Massachusetts?
like Hawthorne's obsession with his ancestors, her sin connects her to the land and she can't every fully leave
115
Ann Hutchinson
- the rosebush in front of the prison sprung under her feet
- parallel to Hester, she was also a woman who was mistreated by Puritans
- excommunicated and kicked out of the colony for having slightly different religious views
- rosebush represents Pearl, something good coming out of women's suffering under Puritans
116
eagle on Custom House
- seems protective of citizens but will really hurt them
117
Pearl and the stream
- they are both full of energy and mischievous, their origins are mysterious
118
Pearl and the letter
- she won't come to Hester when she takes off the letter in the forest
- Hester isn't truly herself without the letter, her sins are included in her character
119
"electric chain"
- when Peal, Hester, and Dimmesdale hold hands on the scaffold the first time, Dimmesdale breaks the chain by pulling his hand away, and he breaks the public connection
- Pearl washes off Dimmesdale's kiss in the brook later in the forest because he still isn't being true
120
Dimmesdale's walk from the forest
- he has malicious thoughts that reflect the wrongness of his plan to run away with Hester
121
Tarry Town
- town where "the legend of sleepy hollow" takes place
- "tarry" means to linger/delay, the people there are calm and unchanging unlike Ichabod Crane
122
Ichabod Crane
- New Englander, not Dutch like Tarry Town residents
- described as skinny and famine-like
- wants to take all the resources from the Van Tassel farm and move west, always hungry and never satisfied
- represents change/industrialization and the push westward
123
Katrina Van Tassel
- compared to food, Crane wants to take her resources and use her
124
Baltus Van Tassel
- Katrina's father
- content with what he has, unlike Crane who always wants more
125
- Gunpowder the horse
- associates Crane w/industrialization
126
Bron Van Brunt
- represents Dutch lifestyle
- chases Ichabod Crane away in the end and Katrina chooses him
- rooster represents him, protecting the barn like how he protects Katrina
127
The Legend of sleepy hollow
- Washington Irving
- shows dangers of change and industrialization
- uses calm Dutch lifestyle like in Rip van winkle to show how people should live
128
Query 18, Notes on the State of Virginia
- Thomas Jefferson
- talks about how slavery is bad for white people and makes them tyrants, fears slave uprising
- hypocritical because he owned slaves
129
number of slaves sent to Americas
9-10 million
