NUTRITION 120 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between lipids and fat?

A
  • “Fat” refers to triglycerides
  • “Lipid” is the chemical term
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2
Q

What are the different types of lipids?

A

fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
sterols

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3
Q

What is the most consumed fat?

A

saturated fats

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4
Q

Why do we need fat? structure and lubrication

A

-define body shape
-provide stored energy
- insulate the body from temperature changes
- insulate nerves (myelin sheath)
-padding gainst physical shock

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5
Q

Why do we need fat? regulation

A
  • Cholesterol makes hormones (sex hormones: testosterone and estrogen) (stress hormone: cortisol)
    -regulates blood pressure/blood clotting
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6
Q

What types of fat are there?

A

-saturated (meat and dairy)
monounsaturated (olive oil)
-polyunsaturated; omega 3 (fish) and omega 6 (sunflower seeds)
-trans fats (prepackaged foods)

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7
Q

What does saturated fat do?

A

increase risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer

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8
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

have carboxyl acid group at one end and a methyl group
-different sizes based on the number of carbons and location of bonds
-even numbers

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9
Q

What are short- and medium-chain fatty acids?

A

-water-soluble saturated fats
-short chain (milk goes bad; you smell butyrate)
-medium chain (lauric acid C12:0)

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10
Q

What is a long-chain saturated fatty acid?

A

-more than 12 carbons
-not water soluble
-solid at room temp
-plant source (coconut oil)

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11
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

-solid at room temp
-no double bonds

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12
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

liquid at room temp

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13
Q

What is a monounsaturated fat?

A

one double bond
olive oil, canola oil
helps lower cholesterol

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14
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fat?

A

more than one double bond
corn oil, soybean oil
improves blood cholesterol levels

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15
Q

What do polyunsaturated fats do?

A

regulate BP and blood clotting

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16
Q

What are essential fatty acids important for?

A

growth
skin integrity
fertility
structure and function of cell membranes

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17
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

alpha linolenic acid adn linoleic acid
body makes most fatty acids but not omega 3 or 6, as it can’t make double bonds

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18
Q

What are omega 3 fatty acids?

A

-first double bond at 3rd carbon from the methyl
-Alpha linolenic acid and docosahexanoic acid
-decrease risk of cardiovascular disease
-needed for brain development in babies

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19
Q

What are foods with Omega 3?

A

fish, walnuts, flaxseed, leafy green vegetables

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20
Q

What are omega 6 fatty acids?

A

-first double bond at 6th carbon from the methyl
-linoleic and arachidonic acid
-found in corn and safflower oil
- Linoleic acid is needed for growth, skin integrity, fertility and red blood cell structure

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21
Q

What are trans fats?

A

margarines, shortening
commercially fried foods
hydrogenated oils and fats

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22
Q

What does trans fat do?

A

increase blood cholesterol levels and increase risk of heart disease

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23
Q

What is a cis fatty acid?

A

natural unsaturated fatty acids have configuration called cis
cis= 2 hydrogen atoms being on the same side

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24
Q

How does unsaturated fat become trans fat?

A

hydrogenation = liquid oil + hydrogen = saturated fat (solid at room temp)

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25
What is a triglyceride?
-looks like E -fat found in our food and bodies - 3 fatty acids + glycerol molecule
26
What is a monoglyceride?
1 fatty acid attached to glycerol
27
What is a diglyceride?
2 fatty acids attached to glycerol
28
What is a phospholipid?
lipids attached to a phosphate group -2 fatty acids attached + phosphate group -phosphoglyceride side is fat soluble -phosphate side is water soluble -The lipid bilayer is semipermeable
29
What is sterol?
cholesterol found in animals -made by liver, don't need to eat it -part of myelin -needed to make vitamin D, estrogen, and testosterone
30
What is bile?
A bitter green-brown alkaline fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that helps digestion
31
What does bile do?
breaks fat into small globules
32
What are micelles?
fat-soluble center surrounded by bile -absorbs lipids across the mucosal cells of the small intestine -micelles and bile recycled by liver
33
How are lipids transported from the small intestine to the rest of the body?
- Short- and medium-chain fatty acids are water-soluble, so they're delivered throughout body by blood - Long-chain fatty acids and cholesterol are not water soluble and need a transporter called a lipoprotein
34
What is a chylomicron?
– Lipoprotein - transports lipids from mucosal cell of the small intestine and delivers triglycerides to other body cells - transport long-chain fatty acids into lymphatic system and into the bloodstream
35
What is lipoprotein?
transports triglycerides, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine
36
ATP production from fatty acids and glycerol
1) glycerol contains 3 carbons—produces ATP or small amounts of glucose 2) fatty acids transported to the mitochondria; beta-oxidation splits carbon chains of the fatty acid into two Acetyl CoA and high-energy electrons 3) If O₂ and carbs are available, acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate (citric acid cycle) 4) High-energy electrons produce ATP and water
37
How do we use fat stores?
breaks down triglycerides in cells = free fatty acids + glycerol => goes into blood => cells to produce energy
38
Does insulin play a role in fat metabolism?
yes when blood glucose is upp, insulin stimulates glucose to be stored as glycogen (muscle and liver)
39
Examples of essential fatty acid deficiency?
alopecia anemia fatty liver scaly dermatitis
40
What does alpha-linolenic acid do? omega 3
anti-inflammatory, suppresses blood clotting -rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders
41
What does linolenic acid do? omega 6
inflammatory, promotes blood clotting - Inflammation plays a role in cardiovascular disease
42
Cancer and lipids?
Mediterranean diet reduces risk of breast cancer more omega 3 fatty fish less risk colon cancer, risk increased with processed and red meats more omega 3 fatty fish less risk
43
How does atherosclerosis develop?
lipids and fibrous materials build up in the artery walls reduce elasticity and blocks blood flow
44
How to lower cholesterol?
-Soluble fiber lowers LDL -soy protein lowers LDL - reduce amount of saturated fats (10% of energy) - exercise
45
What is protein?
amino acid chains contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
46
What is the role of protein?
provides structure -hair, skin, organs, blood and tissues have lots of protein -muscles, tendons, ligaments -strengthens artery walls -makes up scar tissue (collagen) -enzymes
47
What is an amino acid?
building block of protein -4 chemical groups (H-hydrogen, NH₂-amino amino group, COOH-acid group, side chain)
48
How many amino acids are there?
20 -9 essential (body can't make, get from diet) -11 nonessential (body can make)
49
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
50
What are the 11 nonessential amino acids?
alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine
51
What is transamination?
AA group from one AA is transfered to the carbon compound to form a new AA
52
What do peptide bonds do?
-link amino acids together -form protein -bind acid group (COOH) to nitrogen group (NH2)
53
What are dipeptides?
2 amino acids linked by peptide bond
54
What are tripeptides?
3 amino acids linked by peptide bond
55
What are polypeptides?
more than 3 amino acids linked by peptide bond
56
What does shape have to do with proteins?
The protein's function is determined by the final shape
57
What proteins are elongated?
connective tissue proteins (collagen and alpha keratin) fingernails and ligaments
58
What proteins are spherical?
Hemoglobin
59
What causes change in protein structure?
Temperature and pH Denaturation is a change in 3-D structure of a protein
60
What is the amino acid pool?
AA in body tissues, cells and fluids
61
What are body proteins?
breakdown and re-combine (re-synthesize) -collagen -enzymes -actin -myosin
62
ATP procictiojn from amino acids (5steps)
1) amino group (NH₂) is removed from AA (deamination) 2) if glucose is short AA breakdown to form 3-carbon compounds cand be used by the liver to make glucose via gluconeogenesis 3) deamination can result in 2 carbon from AA converts to Acetyl CoA 4) Directly enter the citric acid cycle to make ATP 5) High-energy electrons from the breakdown of AA are transferred to the electron transport chain, where energy is trapped and used for water and ATP
63
What happens when protein intake is too low?
-low energy - Enzymes and muscle proteins break down into AA to make ATP or glucose - body breaks down the protein it can spare
64
What is urea?
waste product formed from the the breakdown of AA by the deaminated NH2 which forms ammonia - Ammonia + CO₂ = urea in the liver -can travel safely in blood -eliminated by the kidneys
65
Why must we eat protein every day?
repair and make new cells
66
What are our protein needs?
0.8 g/kg BW/day - Athletes should consume 1.2-1.4 g/kg/d
67
vegetarianism
no meat, fish, chicken
68
vegan
no animal products at all
69
semi-vegetarians
avoid certain types of red meats, fish or poultry
70
Lacto-ovo vegetarians
no animal flesh but do eat eggs and dairy
71
Lacto-vegetarians
avoid animal flesh and eggs but consume dairy
72
pescetarians
exclude all animal flesh but fish
73
What is a complete protein?
animal protein easy to digest high in essential AA
74
What is incomplete protein?
plant protein more difficult to digest low in essential AA
75
What is protein complementation?
combining incomplete proteins (plant) with other pant proteins or animal proteins to make a complete protein
76
Why do we need proteins?
Growth (hair, fingernails, skin) maintain tissues replace protein broken down and lost each day
77
What happens if you consume too much protein over long periods of time?
more protein => more urea (eliminated through kidneys) => more water excreted in urine => more water loses - more protein => more calcium lost in urine
78
What happens if you consume too much protein over long periods of time? pt 2
more protein, more animal products, more saturated fats, higher cholesterol, less fibre = increased risk of heart disease
NUTRITION 120
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