Bio153 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

A metabolic pathway where molecules other than oxygen act as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

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2
Q

Bioremediation

A

The use of organisms (often bacteria) to detoxify polluted environments.

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

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4
Q

Decomposer

A

An organism that breaks down dead organic material and recycles nutrients.

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5
Q

Endospore

A

A thick-coated, dormant bacterial cell that can survive harsh environmental conditions.

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6
Q

Endotoxin

A

A toxic component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria released when the bacteria die.

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7
Q

Exotoxin

A

A toxic protein secreted by bacteria that causes disease symptoms.

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8
Q

Extreme halophile

A

An organism that lives in extremely salty environments.

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9
Q

Extreme thermophile

A

An organism that thrives in very hot environments (60–80°C or higher).

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10
Q

Extremophile

A

An organism that lives in environmental conditions too extreme for most life.

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11
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

An organism that uses oxygen when available but can switch to anaerobic metabolism without it.

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12
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

Bacteria with a complex cell wall containing less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane.

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13
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

Bacteria with a simpler cell wall containing a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

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14
Q

Gram stain

A

A staining technique used to distinguish gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria.

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15
Q

Host

A

The larger organism in a symbiotic relationship that provides resources or habitat.

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16
Q

Mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.

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17
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

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18
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

An organism that cannot survive in oxygen and uses anaerobic respiration or fermentation.

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19
Q

Plasmid

A

A small circular DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome.

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20
Q

R plasmid

A

A plasmid containing genes that provide antibiotic resistance.

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21
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close ecological relationship between two different species living together.

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22
Q

Transformation

A

The uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA by a cell.

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23
Q

Alternation of generations

A

A life cycle with both multicellular diploid (sporophyte) and multicellular haploid (gametophyte) stages.

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24
Q

Blade

A

A flattened leaflike structure of seaweed used for photosynthesis.

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25
Conjugation (protists)
A sexual process where two ciliates exchange haploid micronuclei.
26
Dinoflagellate
A mostly photosynthetic protist with two flagella and cellulose plates.
27
Diplomonad
A protist with two nuclei, multiple flagella, and modified mitochondria.
28
Euglenid
A protist with one or two flagella emerging from an anterior pocket.
29
Euglenozoan
A group of flagellated protists including autotrophs, heterotrophs, and parasites.
30
Excavata
A supergroup of eukaryotes with unique cytoskeletal features and often a feeding groove.
31
Foraminiferan
A protist with a calcium carbonate shell and pseudopodia.
32
Golden alga
A photosynthetic protist with yellow-brown pigments.
33
Green alga
A photosynthetic protist closely related to land plants.
34
Heteromorphic
Alternating generations where sporophyte and gametophyte look different.
35
Holdfast
A root-like structure that anchors seaweed.
36
Isomorphic
Alternating generations where sporophyte and gametophyte look similar.
37
Kinetoplastid
A protist with a large mitochondrion containing a mass of DNA.
38
Mixotroph
An organism capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.
39
Opisthokont
A clade including animals, fungi, and some protists with a posterior flagellum.
40
Pseudopodium
A temporary extension used by amoebas for movement and feeding.
41
Radiolarian
A marine protist with a silica skeleton and radiating pseudopodia.
42
Red alga
A photosynthetic protist with red pigments masking chlorophyll.
43
Rhizaria
A diverse protist supergroup defined mainly by DNA similarities.
44
Secondary endosymbiosis
When a eukaryotic cell engulfs another photosynthetic eukaryotic cell.
45
Stipe
A stemlike structure in seaweed.
46
Thallus
A plantlike body lacking true roots, stems, and leaves.
47
Unikonta
A eukaryotic supergroup including amoebozoans, animals, and fungi.
48
Angiosperms
Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary.
49
Bryophyte
Nonvascular plants such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
50
Cuticle
A waxy coating on plant surfaces that prevents water loss.
51
Foot
Part of the bryophyte sporophyte that absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte.
52
Gametophore
The gamete-producing structure of a moss gametophyte.
53
Grade
A group of organisms sharing a similar level of biological organization.
54
Gymnosperm
A vascular plant that produces naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary.
55
Heterosporous
Producing two types of spores (microspores and megaspores).
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Homosporous
Producing only one type of spore.
57
Hornwort
A nonvascular plant in the phylum Anthocerophyta.
58
Lignin
A strengthening polymer in plant cell walls that allows plants to grow tall.
59
Liverwort
A small nonvascular plant belonging to the phylum Hepatophyta.
60
Lycophyte
Seedless vascular plants including club mosses.
61
Pollination
Transfer of pollen from the male structure to the female reproductive structure.
62
Pollen grain
The male gametophyte in seed plants that carries sperm cells.
63
Seed
A plant embryo packaged with nutrients and a protective coat.
64
Ovule
The structure that develops into a seed after fertilization.
65
Cone
The reproductive structure of gymnosperms that produces pollen or ovules.
66
Flower
The reproductive structure of angiosperms.
67
Fruit
A mature ovary that protects seeds and aids in their dispersal.
68
Double fertilization
A process in angiosperms where one sperm fertilizes the egg and another forms endosperm.
69
Endosperm
Nutrient-rich tissue that nourishes the developing embryo.
70
Monocot
A flowering plant with one seed leaf (cotyledon).
71
Eudicot
A flowering plant with two cotyledons.
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