Midterm 2

Question 1

What is ileus?

Answer 1

Ileus is the persistent inhabit of aboral transmission of gastric or intestinal content.

Question 2

Proximal ileus

Answer 2

• Blockage in stomach/proximal duodenal part
• Gas & fluid accumulation in the stomach
• Increased HCl production
• Vomit contains HCl
• Metabolic alkalosis occurs
• Severe = dehydration & lactic acid formation = metabolic acidosis
• Animal worsens quickly

Question 3

Distal ileus

Answer 3

• Animal not eating = stomach empty
• Vomit contains intestinal fluid with high pH
• Dehydration & lactic acid formation
• Metabolic acidosis
• Miserere occurs in prolonged cases = vomit resembles faeces in smell & appearance

Question 4

Describe the Gmelin Test

Answer 4

To test mainly for Biliverdin & Urobilongen

• HNO3 is added to the test tube first
• Urine added to the test tube secondly
• Coloured layers are evaluated (bottom to top):
  1. HNO3
  2. UBG (brown)
  3. Biliverdin (green)
  4. Indicane (purple)
  5. Protein (white)
  6. Urine (yellow)
  7. Condensed material (crystals)

Question 5

Gmelin test in a healthy Dog

Answer 5

Bottom to top:

1. HNO3
2. UBG
3. Biliverdin
4. Urine

Question 6

Gmelin test in a healthy Horse

Answer 6

Bottom to top:

1. HNO3
2. UBG
3. Indicane
4. Protein
5. Urine

Question 7

Causes of Increased Bile acid level in blood

Answer 7

1. Liver injury, hepatic cell damage - increased outflow of BAs
2. Bile duct obstruction, bile endothelial cell damage - decreased secretion of bile acids to the bile, outflow to plasma instead
3. Decrease in liver function - decrease uptake of BAs
4. Portosystemic shunt - BAs bypass liver tissue
5. Biliary stasis - pancreatitis