1
Q
media
A
any form of communication that target a mass audience in print or electronic format
2
Q
traditional format of media
A
print, radio, cinema, tv, recordings
3
Q
new emerging forms of media
A
use of computer technology
4
Q
digital divide
A
those who have access tp computers and the internet and those who do not
- causes shift in both power and access
5
Q
patterns of use of media
A
adults 70 hours/week
- child 52.5 hours/week
6
Q
impact of media
A
defines social problems, shapes public debates, and defines boundaries between group
- teaches us how to be consumers
- how to vote
- and maintains stereotypes of certain groups
7
Q
administrative approaches to studying media
A
objective positivist theories
8
Q
critical approaches to studying media
A
subjective: critical and interpretive theories
9
Q
administrative approaches: advertising
A
- “whoever controls the media, controls the mind”
- encounter 5000 ads daily
- who says what to whom and with what effects
10
Q
administrative approaches: media violence
A
11
Q
administrative approaches: media violence
A
correlation study: small statistically significant relationship, which cannot prove causation
- experimental studies: shows short term effects of media violence which tries to prove causation
12
Q
framing:
A
how the media select some aspects if a perceived reality and make them more salient to promote a particular definition, interpretation, or moral evaluation
13
Q
frames in the news media
A
- conflict
- human interest
- economic consequences
14
Q
youth use music to:
A
- manage mood
- achieve group identity
15
Q
the power of music:
A
- lyrics are a force with the ability to persuade and socialize
- music can affect perceptions and behaviours
- music can teach us about cultures, groups, and society
16
Q
media portrayals of woman in country music
A
- portrayla of female gender roles and the obbjectification of woman
- objectifying lyrics
- female gender roles
- family roles
- dependent on men
- a womans appearance
- traditional role
- distrustful
17
Q
framing masculinity
A
- more than 80% of frames of masculinity are negative
- villain
- pervert
- aggressor
- philanderer
18
Q
media frames of ethnic minorities
A
- as invisible
- as stereotypes
- as white washed
- as social problems
- as adornments
19
Q
framing ethnic minorities implications
A
- erased from public consciousness
- voices remain unheard in public discussions of important issues
- representations may be integrated into children’s identities
- impact on social policy
20
Q
media portrayals of terrorism
A
- no universal defintions
- terrorism is socially constructed
- “one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter”
21
Q
media portrayals of terrorism
A
- no universal defintions
- terrorism is socially constructed
- “one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter”
22
Q
racialization of national security
A
- change in perception and treatment of south asian communities since 9/11
- no referred to as “other”
- According to Chan and Chunn, our media has contributed to the racialization, demonization, and therefore, criminalization of South Asians
23
Q
model minority
A
suggest that as a minority group they are scoring higher in terms of socioeconomic status, education, less criminality, and stronger more cohesive family units
24
Q
problems with model minority
A
claims that the idea that asians are doing well compared to other groups. which conceals the damaging nature of discrimination that they and other groups face
25
media portrayals of asian woman
- Exotic
- Fetishization
- Subservient
- High-Maintenance
- Money-hungry
26
"one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter"
- some terrorist groups are seen as liberators in their areas
• So, living in Canada, you may consider ISIS to be a terrorist organization. Certainly, our law enforcement agencies view them this way, and they have been responsible for violent and atrocities acts. However, if you believe in their cause and in their grievances, you might see these groups as “helping” you and your cause.
27
two step flow of communications
A movement of information and ideas from the media to “opinion leaders” and from them, to other people in their social networks
- we absorb the message, alter them and then pass them on to others
28
convergence:
companies owning multiple firms of media
29
conglomeration
when media companies merge
30
convcentration
few corporations control the majority of the media
31
crime and media pyramid
- most people learn about crime through the media
- the media misrepresents the crime to attract viewers
- the rule "if it bleeds, it leads"
- fictional accounts of crime are very distorted
32
moral panic
“when a condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests.”
- set off by alarming and exaggerated media stories
33
folk devil
the personification of evil who (or that are) is susceptible to recognition based on ‘unambiguously unfavourable symbols’
- The folk devil= ideological embodiment of the moral panic
- Constructed as threats to the social/moral fabric
- someone to blame the problem on
34
columbine result:
- Metal detectors in schools
- Drop and cover drills in schools (including Canada)
- 24 hour media coverage
- Politicians and parents blaming the entertainment industry and promising tough legislative changes
35
fake news
news articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and could mislead readers
-
36
cousins of fake news
- unintended reporting mistakes
- rumors that do not originate from a particular news article
- conspiracy theories
- satire that is likely to be misconstructed as factual
- false statements by politicians
- reports that are bias or misleading but not outright false
37
growing importance of fake news
- barriers to entry int he media industry haev dropped precipitously
- social media are well suited for fake news dissemination and social media has risen sharply
- a continuing decline of "trust and confidence" in the mass media "when it comes to reporting the news fully, accurately, and fairly"
- increasingly negative feelings each side of the political
38
two main motivations for producing fake news
- financial
| - ideological
39
sociological study of sexuality
- dominated by the social constructionist perspective
| - emphasis on interpretive and critical theories
40
what is deviant/ normal sexuality
- ritualized homosexuality reinforce patriarchal structure of society
- sexual cultures vary historically and cross culturally
- sexuality intertwined with structure of power
41
what is deviant/ normal sexuality
- ritualized homosexuality reinforce patriarchal structure of society
- sexual cultures vary historically and cross culturally
- sexuality intertwined with structure of power
42
commonalities of aboriginal cultures
- physical
- spiritual
- intellectual
- emotional
- sexuality as a gift from the creator
43
aboriginal sexual cultures
- premarital/extramarital sexual relationships
- homosexuality
- recognition of multiple sex/gender variants
44
dominant meanings of sexuality
- reproduction with marriage
- intimacy within marriage
- personal fulfillment
-
45
1600s reproduction with marriage
- regulation by church, court, family, community
| - social control measures varied on the basis of socioeconomic status, race, and gender
46
1700s intimacy within marriage
- sexual culture intertwined with social changes: industrialization, religious shifts, pursuit of happiness
- social control by woman, physicians, social reformers, culture industry
47
1900s personal fulfillment
- continued criminalization of some acts
- growth on the culture industry
- sexuality within mainstream media
expansion of sex industry
48
all eras dominant meanings of sexuality were:
- integrated with other social changes
- intertwined with structure of inequality
- hierarchies of race, class, and gender
49
sexual freedom in contemporary CAN
- greater but no unlimited, sexual freedom
- criteria for determining "deviant: sexuality
- consent
- nature of the sexual partner
- nature of the sexual act
50
pedophilia
a sexual attraction to prepubescent children, as indicated by persistent and recurrent sexual thoughts, fantasies, urges, arousal, or behaviour
51
age of onset
early onset of sexual interest in children that precedes sexual behaviour involving children or self identification as a pedophile
52
sexual or romantic behaviour
- some pedophiic sexual offenders score high on measures of emotional congruence with children
- some seek a romantic relationship
53
stability over time
- life long
| - potential changes: associated with self regulation instead of actual changes in sexual desires
54
a child cannot consent bc of:
- substantial asymmetries
- autonomy
- cognitive ability
- psychosexual development
55
age of consent
- the age at which a young person can legally agree to sexual activity
- 16: higher when there is a relationship of trust, authority, or dependence
56
close in age exceptions
- 14/15 years old can consent if the partner is less than five years older
- 12/13 year olds can consent if the partner is less than 2 years older
57
sexual exploitation
- a 16/17 year old cannot consent if:
- their sexual partner is in position of trust or authority towards them
- the young person is dependent on their sexual partner
- the relationship between the young person and their sexual partner is exploitative
58
nature of the sexual partner
- criminal justice system: incest, bestiality
- formal regulations: workplace
- informal regulations: professor student relationship
- evolving views of same sex relationships
59
bill c150
- "theres no place for the stat in the bedroom of the nation
- decriminalizing same sex sexual activities between consenting adults
- contraception and birth control
- homosexuality removed from the DSM
60
same sex laws in 2000:
same sex common laws couples entitled to same benefits as opposite sex common law couples
61
same sex laws in 2005
- can legally marry
- stigmatization, deviantization still occurs in CAN and around the world
- criminalization and lack of legal protections= many other countries
62
lgbtq2 and realities
- greater risks of victimization and hate crimes
| - youth stigmatization
63
youth stigmatization
- negative/discriminatory comments
- kicked out of family homes
- greater risk of homeless ness
- particularly true for transgender youth
64
nature of the sexual act
- the act itself: kinky
- location: exhibitionist
- frequency: nymphomaniacs
- increasingly medicalized
65
bdsm
- bondage and discipline, dominance and submission and sadomasochism
- often misconceived to e all about pain
- newmahr: should be regarded as a recreational leisure activity rather than a deviant/ pathological activity
66
bdsm richters
- not more likely to have been coerced into sexual activity in the past
- not associated with elevated levels of psycholigical distress or sexual difficulties
67
bdsm wismeijer and van assan
- less neurotic, more extraverted, more open to new experiences, more conscientious, yet less agreeable, less rejection sensitive
- subjective well being is higher
68
the performance of sexuality in exotic dance clubs
- organizations and occupations are gendered based on assumptions about what customers want
69
gender in organizations
interacts with other factors (class/race) to construct unique organizational culture that project distinctive images of gender and sexuality
70
the performance of sexuality in exotic dance clubs
article examines:
- business atmosphere
- dancer attractiveness and appearance
- stage performances
- interactions with customers
- staff attire
71
exotic dance clubs middle-business class
- space tailored to "upper class"
- experience: not just about sex
- voyeuristic sexuality
- dancers conform to hegemonic cultural ideas of attractiveness
- slow sensuality
- more professional
- good girl
72
voyeuristic sexuality
- performances of desire and gazing at woman
| - constructed to appear as admiration and respect
73
exotic dance clubs: working/military class
- atmosphere: pure physical pleasure/lust
-experience: predominantly for sexual pleasure
- cheap thrill sexuality
- broader spectrum of body types
- explicitly sexual performances
-more interactive
- bad girl
more casual and approachable
74
cheap thrills sexuality
- woman as sex objects
| - imagining dancers as sexual partner and the enactment of make power
75
presentation management
- presentation of self
- of business
- attracts particular kinds of clientele
76
front stage
of organizational culture: performances of sexuality and class
77
backstage
- constraints that produce them: informal social control
78
4 types of female exotic dancers
- survivors: extensive histories of abuse
- non conformists: priviledged, educated background, freedom to enter and leave industry
- dancers: considerable training in dance and enjoy the creative expression
- workers: work for the $$
79
pornography: definition
functional: anything used bby an individual for the purpose of arousal
- genre: products created for the purpose of arousing consumers
- labelling: community standards- anything that community members consider obscene
80
pornography effects
- correlation between violent pornography and sexually aggressive behaviours
- pornography affects self concepts of viewers
- feelings of both normalization and ambivalence
81
prostitution
- sale = legal, purchase= illegal
- "oppression paradigm" dominates media reprots and public policy
- more based on moral rhetoric than research
- should adopt a "polymorphous paradigm"
82
oppression paradigm:
all sex workers are victimized, abused. robs them a=of choices as this is how the media portrays it
83
polymorphous paradigm
accepts that structural conditions affect woman's decisions to engage in sex work. not all are victimized and oppressed
84
religion and science are both belief systems
belief: any proposition thought to be true
| belief system: a set of interrelated beliefs
85
belief system as deviant
- deviance within groups that adhere to particular belief system or entire belief system as deviant
86
belief system as social typers of deviance
-when the truths of the belief system tells us who should be considered deviant and what the consequences should be
87
religion in CAN
- 76% of Canadians identify with some sort fo faith
- over half believe religion causes more harm than good
- majority: christian:
- colonization and immigration
- still evident in canadian culture
- changes in religion proportions due to immigration
88
secularization
decline of the influence of organized religion
89
dawkins belief scale
- strong theist: i do not question the existence pf god, i know he exists
- defacto theist: i dont know for certain but i believe in him and live my life on the assumption that he's there
- weak theist: uncertain but still believes
- pure: gods existence and non existence both questionable
- weak atheist: i dont know if he exists, skeptical
- defacto atheist: dont know for certain, live life as hes not there
- strong atheist: 100%sure hes not there
90
two typologies of religion as deviance
- deviance acts that occur within religious groups (abuse)
| - entire religious groups that are considered to be deviant (deviant religions)
91
ecclesia:
- a specific relgious belief system that is adopted at a governmental level and ecomes a nations "official religion"
- a state religion
92
churches
-large and powerful religious groups, highly bureaucratic
93
worlds major religions:
islam, judaism, hinduism, sikhism, buddhism, christianity
94
sects
- smaller religious groups that have usually broken away from larger churches
- less established in society
- formed as a result of reaction to the doctrine of a larger church
- high levels of commitment
95
cults
- smaller than sects, more reactionary, oppositional doctrines
- immense levels of commitments
96
factors that determine levels of tension
- magnitude of differences
- level of antagonism: how much do they hate us vis vera
- segregation: how much they separate form society
97
tensions of sects
bidirectional:
- sects many have certain levels of antagonism towards society
- society may have certain levels of antagonism back
- deviancy amplification: becoming more extreme
98
tensions of cults
- greater levels of tension with society
- popular images of cults: mind control, violence, sexual abuse
- not all fit images
99
heavens gate cult
- founded by Marshall applewhite and bonnie nettles
- belief was that the earth was going to be wiped clean and the only way to survive was to get out. believed of you killed yourself your soul would be sent to another planet
- 39 members killed themselves in 1997
100
milieu control
- the control of human communication
- control how and what an individual can communicate to the outside world and what the outside world can communicate to the individual
101
mystical manipualtion
- use extensive personal manipulation to provoke specific patter of behaviour
- create dependency by manipulative and exploitative techniques of persuasion and control
102
demand for purity
- defined by the group, not society
- the world is divided into good and evil
- group has access to the 'ultimate truth"
- you have to believe everything they say and if you dont you will be punished and kicked out
103
cult of confession
- personal purification: a psychological purge of weakness, which enables others to have a hold over existential guilt
- act of symbolic surrender; can give individuals relief
- not done in private to make the person more vulnerable
104
sacred science
- members taught there is a deeper level of understanding which requires extensive training and study in order for them to understand
- lack of understanding is attributed to a deficiency within themselves rather than a problem within the groups stance
105
loading the language
- new meanings are attributed to words
- meanings are derived from the doctrine of the group
- tricks people into not seeing what theyre ultimately saying
106
charismatic relationship
- belief that a leader is "endowed with supernatural, super human, or exceptional powers or qualities
107
cultic milieu
a cultural underground that "continually gives birth to new cults, absorbing the debris of the dead ones and creating new generations of cult prone individuals"
108
john de ruiters demographic
white, middle aged, affluent, mostly woman
109
mental disorder categories
- experiences of the disorder: how it affects the persons thoughts, feelings, behaviours
- the social dimension:how people treat those will illness
110
mental disorder definitions
- psychological, biological, and or behavioural dysfunction that interferes with daily life
- alteration in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning
111
prevalence of mental disorders
```
mental illness can affect anyone
- 20% of adults
- 80% know someone with one
- 50% experienced one by 40
65-70% of 90 year olds have
```
112
mental health commission of can
- mood and anxiety: depression, ocd, bipolar, etc affect fewer immigrants 11.7%
- substance abuse: 5.9%
- cognitive impairment adn dementia: 2.2%
113
variations in mental illness
reveals how social factors can contribute to mental disorders:
- economic
- cultural
- environmental
- political
- social
- individual attributes
114
gender and mental disorder type
- men: antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse, conduct disorder
- -woman: depression, anxiety. experience more neg life events than men (low income, income inequality, childcare, etc)
115
social causation hypothesis
more life stresses and fewer resources characterize the lives of lower class, contributing to the emergence of mental disorders
116
social selection hypothesis
people with mental disorders fall into lower socioeconomic strata bc of the difficulties of daily functioning
117
mental disorder and age
- higher rates in young ppl
- due to biological factors
- social stresses
- psychological factors
118
social control of mental illness
social . control measures can have both negative and positive outcomes
119
measures of social control:
- medicalization
| - stigmatization
120
stigmatization
- negative attitudes towards illness creates a stigma
121
negative consequences of mental illness
- personal experiences are not necessary for negative consequences: knowledge creates a decrease in self esteem increase feelings of demoralization
- self stigma: internalization of label makes them less likely to ask for help
122
medicalization
is supposed to make life more manageable
| - enacts social control over those with mental illness
123
treatment of mental illness
- relgious rituals
124
treatment of mental illness
- religious rituals
- family care
- madhouses
- asylums: medicalization began
- psychiatric care
125
total institutions
- exercise total control over the inmates
- punish, brainwash, re socialize uncooperative citizens
- all aspects of life, conducted in the same place and under the same single authority
126
deinstitutionalization
- began in 1960
- treatment within communities rather than institutions
- a combination of meds, therapy, and community resources
- improved many lives of people through quality of life, improved functioning, and medical supports
127
effective deinstitutionalization requires
- supportive family network
- an accepting community
- adequate community resources
- a place to live
128
when deinstitutionalization is insufficient it leads to:
- homelessness: 25-50%
| - criminality:
129
crime and mental illness
- disproportionate amounts of inmates suffer from mental disorder, and severe mental disorders
- criminality: adds additonal levels of stigma often leading to blocked from accessing resources
- hydraulic relationship b\between mental health care system and the criminal justice system
soc 224
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