What is PPE? (Personal Protective Equipment)
-Head protection, Eye Safety, Respiratory protection, Hand Protection, Body Coverings, Foot Protection, First Aid
Pesticide Handling Precautions include…
- never handle while tired, ill, intoxicated
- pour carefully and mix in a well ventilated area
- keep hands away from face
What should be done in case of an accident working with pesticides?
- maintain records of pesticide use
- be aware of symptoms of poisoning
- know who to contact
What steps should be taken if in case a spill occurs?
- Check the label
- Use absorbent materials (kitty litter, saw dust)
- Shovel
- Plastic bags - to enclose absorbent material
What is resistance?
-an increase overtime in the ability of an insect pop. to survive an insecticide application.
(not the same as tolerance)
What are the mechanisms to resistance and explain what they do
Behavioural - changes in behaviour by which insects avoid exposure
Physiological - changes in basic physiology confer resistance
Biochemical - enhanced detoxification
What is cross resistance?
- resistance to one insecticide likely to confer resistance to other toxicants with similar modes of action.
What is multiple resistance?
- independent evolution of multiple mechanisms of resistance, multiple genes involved
What are some biological factors that lead to resistance?
- Little or no migration between populations
- Monophagy (feeds on only one plant species)
- Short generation time
- Highly mobile (increased exposure)
- Selection pressure is high
What farm activities lead to resistance?
- Prolonged exposure
- Frequent spray
- Large areas treated
- Similar mode of action to previous pesticide
What is resistance management?
- minimizing selection pressure
- no unnecessary treatments
- lowest possible effective rates
- shortest effective residual
- local instead of area-wide treatments
- use other controls whenever possible
- rotate chemical classes
Compare the difference between injury and damage and give an example of each.
Injury: physical harm caused by insects to commodity
ex. leaf consumption, tunnelling
Damage: the monetary value loss of the commodity due to the injury
ex. reduced yield
Any level of pest infestation causes injury
but
not all injury causes damage
What are the aims of biological control?
- Reduce pest pop.
- Delay pest buildup
- Prevent pest establishment
What are the three biological control measures?
- Conservation + habitat modification
- Classical biocontrol
- Augmentative biocontrol
What are the pros and cons of biocontrol?
PROS
- very effective (effectiveness)
- very cheap (economics)
- some cases are necessary (insecticide resistance)
- publicly favourable (human attitude)
CONS
- potential for success (doesn’t always work)
- non-target effects
- long-term consequences
- compatibility with other pest control measures
What are the three classifications of pests and give an example of each one.
- Predators - bugs, beetles, flies and lacewings
- Parasitoids - parasitoid flies and wasps
- Entomopathogens - nematodes, fungi, viruses
What do insects do on your farm?
- pollinating crops
- eating other insects
- eating weeds, and weed seeds
- decomposing stubble, dung, animals
- improving the soil
- feeding on crops, livestock, and stored grain
Which non-chemical treatment will prevent horn fly/face fly larval development?
Dung Beetles
Which of the following livestock pests can cause toxic shock in animals?
Horn Flies
What is the best way to prevent damage from sheep ked larvae?
put grease on nose of sheep
The economic injury level increases with
the cost of control
The damage boundary is
when you can measure the damage caused by pest insects
Why are surfactants used in insecticides?
To improve wetting and spreading of the insecticide
Economic damage begins when
when you can measure economic loss
