Midterm 2 (SOC )

Question 1

True or False, more fertility / births leads to more poverty

Answer 1

FALSE poverty leads to more births as people do not have access to resources and need to be taken care of by family as they get older (do not have federal welfare)

Question 2

Malthus’ idea that the human population will out number the amount of resources has been proven false as

Answer 2

technology has increases so much that our resources have increased as population increased

Question 3

Two populations that have different GDP per capital will

Answer 3

have different access to resources – one population can buy and use more

Question 4

I=PAT

Answer 4

p = population, a = affluence - measure as GDP per capita, t = technology

Question 5

How does modernization theory draw on Malthus’ argument?

Answer 5

both believe that society develops linearly

Question 6

Environmental refugees from central America and Climate Gentrification in New Jersey are examples of

Answer 6

case studies in chapter 12

Question 7

Which method does Bates use in “population, demography, and the enviornment”

Answer 7

case studies

Question 8

According to Bates, which is the most straightforward to measure?

Answer 8

demographic variables

Question 9

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Answer 9

stage 4 - low fluctuation (birth and death rates become somewhat similar again)

Question 10

https://cdn-proxy-us.noji.io/uploads/v2/attachment/deck_30971624/ebc77071-f059-458b-9308-e1e643910e11.jpeg

Answer 10

Stage 2 - Early expanding (less death than births)

Question 11

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Answer 11

stage 3 - late expanding (even less death)

Question 12

https://cdn-proxy-us.noji.io/uploads/v2/attachment/deck_30971624/218a642f-6295-4945-aa12-1e4fd04e0761.jpeg

Answer 12

stage 1 - high fluctuating

Question 13

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Answer 13

Stage 5 - population decline

Question 14

Founding theorist of sociology, believed that the elite will eventually dominate the rest of the population

Answer 14

Herbert Spencer

Question 15

One group of people will dominate another -> tends to go in the direction of elitism

Answer 15

Social darwinism

Question 16

Important demographic variables

Answer 16

population density, growth rates, birth & death rates, and migration

Question 17

resources received, how someone recovered from events such as natural disasters, and distribution of population

Answer 17

demographic impacts

Question 18

To discuss how specific demographics come about, theories that go into how a population should look, and examples of resources that certain demographics get

Answer 18

The main idea of Chapter 8

Question 19

Believed that the human population will exceed the amount of food on Earth and that the working class’s population should be controlled

Answer 19

Thomas Malthus

Question 20

assigning events (environmentally friendly) to emotions (being close to nature) [this example is still meh]

Norwegians being framed as close to nature and environmentally friendly

Answer 20

Selective interpretation

Question 21

To show that even though people (specifically people in Norway) are educated on global issues, they don’t take action and do anything because it has become a part of their social norm to not discuss it due to emotional responses

Answer 21

The main idea of chapter 16

Question 22

Switched from a national POV when it comes to climate change to a international POV when they argued that oil is clean, so cutting their oil would increase dependency on less “clean” oil and energy resources

Answer 22

“Increasing production of oil will help”

Question 23

Pushes the idea that natural gas is better as it produces less CO2 -> Norwegian government built 2 plants to sell “clean” gas to other countries, but increased their CO2 emissions

Answer 23

“Gas plants are better than coal”

Question 24

Norwegian law makers speak out against CO2 emissions, but then they continue to contribute to them

Answer 24

Claims to virtue -unjust acts being framed as just

Question 25

denial of self involvement, visions that bring on specific events

Answer 25

Personal selectivity

Question 26

Telling stories of other's doing worse to feel better about your own life

Answer 26

Personal selectivity

Question 27

types of interpretive denial

Answer 27

1) selective interpretation 2) personal selectivity 3) claims to virtue

Question 28

Examples of cultural denial in Norway

Answer 28

discussions about climate change is avoided and they are told to live in the moment (they do not think about the future)

Question 29

corporations influence advertisements and media, which influence how people are socialized -> people in Norway are socialized to not speak about climate change

Answer 29

People only notice what they have been socialized to know

Question 30

the separation of everyday life and the awareness of Earth's destruction

Answer 30

Absurdity of the double life - Robert Lifton

Question 31

People would rather not speak about climate change in Norway, they refuse to acknowledge it in their daily like "we don't really want to know"

Answer 31

implicatory denial

Question 32

The climate skeptic movement is mostly supported by

Answer 32

1) Corporations (similar to the PBS film where the skeptics would be funded by corporations like the fossil fuel industry) 2) white men

Question 33

What kind of evidence does the author use to support their argument

Answer 33

Interviews and ethnographic data

Question 34

vote with your money -> fair-trade organizations (trade labels are placed on products)

Answer 34

Examples of market based consumerism

Question 35

Having access to only processed and unhealthy foods -> micronutrient malnutrition

Answer 35

implicit hunger

Question 36

Places that have mostly liquor stores, fast food, and convenience stores

Answer 36

food swamps

Question 37

market based approaches for protest actually works with

Answer 37

neoliberalism

Question 38

it does not challenge the market and still puts the money into the same people's pockets

Answer 38

neoliberalism

Question 39

La Via Campesina's goal is to return food sovereignty to consumers and producers....this organization is an example of

Answer 39

alternative food and agriculture movements

Question 40

Places where people do not have access to affordable fresh foods

Answer 40

food desert

Question 41

Having no access to food or food being expensive

Answer 41

explicit hunger

Question 42

Unequal ecological exchange (some people's entire lives are negatively impacted environmentally and economically) is a characteristic of

Answer 42

the globalization of food and agriculture

Question 43

Accumulation by dispossession

Answer 43

privatization of formerly public goods

Question 44

increased productivity in agriculture leads to more energy usage and negative environmental impacts....this is an example of

Answer 44

the treadmill of production

Question 45

the anual dead belt caused by the Missisippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico is an example of

Answer 45

how chemical inputs impact ecosystems

Question 46

food insecurity, changes in diets -> malnutrition, negative environmental impacts, and dependency on the Global North

Answer 46

Impacts of the Green revolution

Question 47

brining agricultural technologies to the Global South

Answer 47

Green revolution

Question 48

In order for plants to become more resistant to pests they have been

Answer 48

genetically modified

Question 49

The industrialization of fertilizer has lead to

Answer 49

the industrialization of agriculture -> the need for crop-livestock systems + crop rotations lowered

Question 50

owning multiple stages of production Ex. Bayer owning not only seeds, but also pesticides and fertilizers

Answer 50

Vertical integration

Question 51

owning a specific stage of production Ex. Bayer buying other seed companies is an example of

Answer 51

Horizontal integration

Question 52

Large corporations bought out smaller farms in order to

Answer 52

corporatization food and agriculture -> allows for more control over the market

Question 53

Why does the Global South provide and grow foods for the Global North?

Answer 53

Because a lot of periphery and semi-periphery countries are found in the Global south.

Question 54

How does gender play a role in agriculture and production?

Answer 54

Women tend to be viewed as "obedient" and "submissive", so they can put them to work for less

Question 55

the globalization of food/consumption at the end of colonization (periphery, semi-periphery, core - outcomes of colonization)

Answer 55

Food regime theory

Question 56

people who unaware of where their food comes from

Answer 56

"food from nowhere"

Question 57

1) people do not know who where or who produces their food 2) wealthy people do not have to think about where the food is coming from or how it is getting there as they can afford it

Answer 57

"food from nowhere"

Question 58

was once local, now it is global, Production of the world's food

Answer 58

conventional food and agriculture system

Question 59

Fair trade label introduced

Answer 59

in the 1980s to make it more accessible for people to buy fair trade foods

Question 60

1998 genetically modified foods on a cellular level were introduced

Answer 60

courts decided that a company can own the rights to a specific genotype

Question 61

genetically modified foods peaked in 1998 - people were concerned about the outcome and side effects of genetically modified foods is example of

Answer 61

the precautionary principle

Question 62

2018 Bayer-Monsanto merge

Answer 62

anti-trust laws

Question 63

Ways to understand the food + agriculture system, the effects of commodification of formally public goods, and the impact it has on communities in the Global South

Answer 63

The main idea of chapter 12

Question 64

Planned to run through the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's land, violation of Article II of the Fort Laramie Treaty, which guarantees the “undisturbed use and occupation” of reservation lands

Answer 64

Dakota access pipeline

Question 65

President Trump put him in charge of the EPA, who cut the EPA's funding as it is a "activist agenda"

Answer 65

Scott Pruitt

Question 66

According to Andrew Szasz, environmental issues are social issues because

Answer 66

“toxic victims are, typically, poor or working people of modest means. [Thus] their environmental problems are inseparable from their economic condition”

Question 67

civil rights movements, antitoxic and waste campaigns by sociologist Robert Bullard in 1990

Answer 67

First major study on environmental racism

Question 68

example of civil rights movements, antitoxic and waste campaigns. It would push toxic waste and industrialized areas into communities who did not have a choice to protest or say no (BIPOC, low income, etc.)

Answer 68

"not-in-my-backyard" campaign

Question 69

2/3 of the ~6,000 resident pipes that were tested exceeded the safe lead levels put in place by the EPA

Answer 69

2001 DC switched their water treatment chemical to chloramine

Question 70

The death toll reported by the state health officials were much lower than the death toll found by the frontline investigation team

Answer 70

Systematic racism leads to inequalities and for the damage done by the water contamination to be undermined

Question 71

1991 First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit formed when

Answer 71

researchers from around the nation who were studying racial and socioeconomic disparities in the distribution of environmental contaminants came together

Question 72

Focusing on the fact that people in Flint, Michigan were not just poisoned, but also missed a lot of work and school due to the water crisis is an example of

Answer 72

the question environmental justice scholars ask: should more emphasis be put on the social groups of people or the multiple forms of inequality the people faced

Question 73

Documenting the ways environmental injustices take place in order to present them to policy makers to change the environmental harm did not work out because

Answer 73

1) assumption that racism is objective and all groups of people can be measured by statistics 2) Assumes that these environmental injustices are accidents

Question 74

High rates of cancer and asthma are present in communities of color due to

Answer 74

environmental injustices that place industrial plants in their communities

Question 75

Environmental justice through the state is extremely difficult because

Answer 75

The state is the reason for these environmental injustices.

Question 76

spoke out against the decreasing property values in Flint, Michigan following the water crisis. This prevents many people from leaving or selling their homes

Answer 76

Debra Taylor spoke out against

Question 77

2001 Alexander vs Sandoval reversed what title of the civil rights act?

Answer 77

Title VI - allowed private parties to use the federal courts to enforce violations of federal agency regulations that had a disparate impact on people of color

Question 78

Waste facilities lay on

Answer 78

indigenous people's land - the government targets their resources

Question 79

The formation of the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council caused the government to

Answer 79

identify hazardous waste sites across the US

Question 80

The 2014 Flint water crisis occurred in a predominately black population and the government refused to do anything about it. This is an example of

Answer 80

environmental racism

Question 81

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson bought attention to

Answer 81

chemical contamination

Question 82

Bill Clinton's executive order about what was never passed as a law?

Answer 82

his executive order about considering environmental justice as a part of decision making

Question 83

highlight the role of the government in environmental justice in communities of POC such as flint Michigan

Answer 83

The main idea in Chapter 10

Question 84

Pruitt's replacement, natural resource lobbyist -> EPA is in the hands of the fossil fuel industry

Answer 84

Andrew Wheeler

Question 85

exposed to toxic chemicals and oil, leading to health issues including miscarriage

Answer 85

Love Canal neighborhood in Niagara Falls, NY

Question 86

What group of people tend to lead environmental justice movements?

Answer 86

Women of color

Question 87

The privatization and commodification of water benefits

Answer 87

white people, reflects white privledge

Question 88

Water crisis of any sort is considered

Answer 88

environmental genocide - harming generations of people through limiting resources

Question 89

Trapping people in their homes.

Answer 89

Effect of hog industry on local communities

Question 90

What happened to the number of hogs in North Carolina?

Answer 90

Increased due to corporate ownership.

Question 91

What is the primary environmental concern with hog waste lagoons?

Answer 91

High concentration of waste leading to pollution.

Question 92

Job opportunities often affected by corporate shifts.

Answer 92

Effects of hog industry on jobs

Question 93

What animals have the largest food footprints?

Answer 93

Beef and lamb.

Question 94

Increase in farms from corporate buyouts

Answer 94

Decrease in number of smaller farms.

Question 95

Community demographics affected by hog farming

Answer 95

Targeting low-income and black residents.

Question 96

Smell and pollution contribute to lower property values.

Answer 96

Impacts of hog farming on property values

Question 97

Acquisition and expansion in international markets.

Answer 97

Smithfield Foods' corporate strategy

Question 98

the relationship between hog farming and tourism

Answer 98

Tourism is North Carolina's largest industry.

Question 99

Hog farming's economic significance in North Carolina

Answer 99

It's a major contributor to the state's economy.

Question 100

increasing production by having more animals in a smaller space.

Answer 100

Economics of scale in hog farming

Question 101

exposure to dust, disease, infections, and toxic gas.

Answer 101

Risks workers face in hog farming lagoons

Question 102

companies control how pigs are raised, exemplified by Smithfield Foods.

Answer 102

Vertical integration in hog farming

Question 103

a company owns the pigs and pays a farmer to raise them.

Answer 103

Contract hog farming

Question 104

Use of chemicals and antibiotics.

Answer 104

Environmentally harmful practices in farming

Question 105

Pushes out small farms and increases corporate farming.

Answer 105

The impact of CAFOs on the farming landscape

Question 106

What factors contribute to externalities in hog farming?

Answer 106

Health and environmental costs.

Question 107

Change in the number of hog farms in North Carolina

Answer 107

Decreased as corporations take over

Question 108

creates social isolation, targets low-income, black residents.

Answer 108

Social impact of hog farming in North Carolina

Question 109

Is hog farming the largest industry in North Carolina?

Answer 109

False; hog farming is not the largest.

Question 110

Health risks associated with hog farming

Answer 110

Increased risk of disease among workers.

Question 111

Agriculture's development in North Carolina

Answer 111

region built on swamps drained by enslaved people.

Question 112

Goal of hog production

Answer 112

to increase profitability.

Question 113

Relationship between corporate farms and farming practices

Answer 113

Corporations dictate operational practices.

Question 114

Largest producer of water consumption in farming

Answer 114

Beef production.

Question 115

What government regulations are faced by hog farmers?

Answer 115

Regulations due to environmental impacts and waste management.

Question 116

Decreased production costs in hog farming

Answer 116

Result of corporate restructuring.