1
Q
What was the average lifespan of Canadians in 1900 vs 2019?
A
1900: less than 48 years
2019:
Men: 79.9 years
Women: 84.9 years
2
Q
How many ppl did cholera kill?
A
Over 14,000 ppl
3
Q
Who solved the cholera crisis?
A
Dr. John Snow
4
Q
When was the cause of cholera discovered?
A
In 1854
5
Q
What was the main cause for death in 1900 vs 2025?
(Broad/non-specific)
A
1900: infectious diseases
2025: chronic, age-related, lifestyle-related diseases
6
Q
What was the leading cause of death in 1900 vs 1997 (specific)
A
1990: pneumonia
1997: 1) Coronary heart disease, 2) cancer and 3) stroke
7
Q
What is Par-Q?
A
-For adults aged 15-69 years
-A conservative screening tool
-Developed by Health Canada
-Used around the world
8
Q
Who invented basketball?
A
James Naismith
9
Q
Who started the Phys Ed Dept at McGill and when were they a professor?
A
Robert Tait Mckenzie
1894-1904
10
Q
Robert Tait McKenzie was a lecturer in what?
(Subject)
A
Anatomy
11
Q
When was the Joy Of Effort bronze medal?
A
1914
12
Q
What was the 5 BX plan and what year was it released?
A
Short program to get fit
1960
13
Q
How many copies did the 5BX booklet make and how much $ did it make off of the American Air Force?
A
2 mil
14
Q
What are the parts of the Alameda County Healthy 7?
A
1) Sleeping 7 to 8 hrs
2) Breakfast every day
3) Never or rarely snacking
4) At or near ideal weight/ht
5) Never smoke
6) Moderate use of alcohol
7) Regular physical activity
15
Q
Who was the first modern physical activity epidemiologist?
A
Jeremy Morris (1953)
16
Q
How many ppl were in the Framingham heart study?
+ what was the age range
A
5209 men and women (30-62)
17
Q
How was the Framingham heart study conducted?
A
With questionnaires and physical exams
18
Q
When was physical activity found to reduce the risk of heart disease?
A
1967
19
Q
When was the offspring study?
A
1971
20
Q
Characteristics of the Tecumseh Community Health Study
A
1957
-8600 ppl (20+ years)
-1961-1965 (cycle 2) assess PA of men
- 1967-1969 (cycle 3)
21
Q
Characteristics of..
College Alumni Study (Harvard & Penn)
A
- 21,000+ (graduated 1916-1950)
- 1962 & 1996
-questionnaire/medical exam
22
Q
Characteristics of…
Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study
A
-more than 25,000 men and 10,000 women since 1980
-questionnaire and medical exam
-fitness measured by treadmill testing
23
Q
What was Participation?
A
Program to encourage Canadians to be healthy/more physically active
(60 y/o Swede whom was said to be fitter than average 30 y/o Canadian)
24
Q
What are the 8 pts for Healthy People 2000?
A
1) PA & fitness
2) Nutrition
3) Tobacco
4) Alcohol and drugs
5) Family planning
6) Mental Health
7) Violence
8) Education
25
What does FITT stand for?
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
26
What is aerobic vs anaerobic activity?
Aerobic: activity that brings heart-rate up
Anaerobic: strength-training, resistance, etc
27
Who said the quote ‘’If you want to be a world class athlete.. choose your parents well’’
Dr. David Montgomery (hockey and endurance runner)
28
Who was most at risk at developing coronary heart disease? (London bus drivers or conductors?)
Bus drivers
29
What were the leading causes of death in US 1900 and 2015?
1900:
1) Pneuomonia (all forms) and influenza
2) Tuberculosis (all forms)
3) Diarrhea, enteritis, and ulceration of the intestines
2015:
1) Heart disease
2) Cancer
3) Chronic lower respiratory diseases
30
What is public health surveillance?
-Ongoing systematic, collection, analysis and interpretation of data
-helps us understand if certain types of ppl are great risk
31
How many global cases and deaths were there for Covid?
Cases: 31,092,895
Deaths: 961,301
32
What was the count of total cases of COVID-19 in PEI as of September 20, 2020?
57
33
Studies that are used to establish that a certain intervention or public health program can change a certain condition
(Ex: mask wearing)
((Give the type of study/trial))
Efficacy trials
34
A weight stable man (80 kg) who adds 2 flights of stairs to his daily activity will reduce his weight by __kg (__ lbs) at the end of 1 year if all else is held constant
2.7 kg (5.9lbs)
35
How many observations were made in the escalator study?
17,901
36
Who was excluded from the elevator study?
-Ppl carrying large parcels
-children
37
What was the Harvard alumni study?
-16,936 Harvard alumni, aged 35-74
-1413 deaths total during 12-16 yrs of follow-up (1962-1978)
-exercise reported as walking, stair climbing, and sports play
-mortality rates were 25-33% lower among those who expended 2000 or more kcal/wk compared to those <2000Kcal/wk
38
What was the Aerobics Center Longitudinal study?
1) Max treadmill time and mortality in 10k men and 3k women over abt 8 yrs.
-low fit 3x rate compared to most fit group (men)
-low fit 4x rate compared to most fit (women)
After 8 yr follow up (25k men, 7k women):
-high fit (top 20%) had RR = 0.49 compared to low fit.. men
-high fit (top 20% had RR = 0.37 compared to low fit.. women
39
Adults (aged 18-64) should do ___ (duration) of moderate-intensity aerobic PA or __ (duration) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA (or an equivalent amt of moderate- and vigourous-intesity aerobic PA)
2 hrs and 30 minutes
1 hr and 15 mins (75 mins)
40
Adults should do muscle-strengthening activities that involve all major muscle groups on _ or more days per week
2
41
How many ppl in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up study?
116,221
42
Those that follow minimum guidelines (150-330min/wk moderate, 75-150 min vig) reduced risk of early death by __%
Ppl who exercised 2-4 times above recommendations lowered risks by __%
(Nurses’ Health Study)
22%
31%
43
What are the disadvantages to direct calorimetry?
-time
-cost
-engineering expertise
-cannot be used for most sports, work or recreational activities
44
What are the two types of indirect calorimetry?
1) closed-circuit spirometry (rarely used)
2) Open circuit spirometry
45
What are the benefits and disadvantages of indirect calorimetry?
Benefits: accurate
Disadvantages:
-expensive
-gas analyzers
-one person at a time
-requires calibration for each participant
-no actual measurements
-mainly in the laboratory
46
How did the doubly labelled water experiment work?
-drink doubly labelled water
-oxygen (labelled) is used to make energy for PA (ATP)
-Urine sample at end of monitoring tells us how much oxygen was used over time
(Estimated energy expenditure)
47
Benefits and disadvantages to doubly labelled water?
Benefits:
-very precise
-real life activity monitoring
Disadvantages:
-expensive
-burden is placed on participants
-no info on type of exercise and duration
48
What are the 3 types of activity monitoring outside of the lab?
1) subjective (questionnaires)
2) direct observation
3) Objective (pedometers, accelerometers (research/commercial)
49
What are the benefits and disadvantages to subjective monitoring?
Benefits:
-ability to study populations
-cost-effective
-qualitative info
-context
Disadvantages:
-relying heavily on memory, perceived level of effort, knowledge of PA, and recall bias)
50
Benefits and disadvantages for direct observation?
Benefits:
-qualitative description of activity
Disadvantages:
-takes lots of time
-limited sample size
-requires highly qualified personnel
-results may vary according to the experimenter
51
What are pedometers?
Small devices carried on the hip that provide objective measures of step (not distance travelled/estimates of energy expenditure)
52
Advantages and disadvantages for pedometers?
Advantages:
-relatively inexpensive, reusable and easy to use (easily used in larger research studies)
-easy to understand and require minimal training for data processing
-can be used as motivational tools for intervention work
-immediate info to the wearer (helps ppl pace themselves and promotes activity)
Disadvantages:
-cheapest ones don’t work well
-doesn’t measure speed
-limited info on PA (no context, duration or intensity of exercise)
-no way to export data
53
Where is the ActiGraph worn?
-thigh
-ankle
-wrist
Etc
54
What are the main features of ActiGraph?
-counts per minute (steps, time spent in various intensities of activity (light, moderate, vigorous)
-sleeping time
-sedentariness (not excellent)
-energy expenditure
-used in many population health studies
55
Where is activPAL worn?
Thigh
56
57
What are the main features of ActivPAL?
-steps
-sedentary time (not physical inactivity; best tool to measure this)
-standing time
-running time
-transitions from sitting to standing
-transitions from standing to sitting
-energy expenditure
58
Benefits and disadvantages for research grade accelerometers?
Benefits:
-high lvl of accuracy
-access to raw data collected
-known validity and reliability (direct observation, indirect calorimetry (portable open circuit)
Disadvantages:
-expensive
-requires sophisticated software
-difficult to interpret
-no immediate information to wearer
-no qualitative information
59
What are the features of a Fitbit?
Measures steps, time spent in different intensities of activity (light, moderate, vigorous), sleep time and sleep disturbances, sedentary time and energy expenditure
60
Is FitBit reliable?
Unknown
61
Benefits and disadvantages for commercial activity monitors?
Benefits:
-inexpensive (more expensive now than before though)
-connected (internet, digital applications)
-reasonably accurate ( different for each measurement and monitor
-easy to use software
-immediate info
Disadvantages:
-less useful for research
-unknown reliability and validity
62
Benefits and disadvantages to smartphone applications?
Benefits:
-free
-widely available
Disadvantages:
-limited to ppl with smartphone
-limited to ppl familiar with technology
-need to carry phone at all times (same place)
63
What does NHANES stand for and what is it?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Study
-public health study from the US
64
Cardiovascular disease cause how many deaths in Americans in 2003?
Over 900,000
65
What was the economic cost for cardiovascular disease in 2003?
Over $351 billion dollars
66
Every _ minutes in Canada, someone dies from heart disease or stroke
7
67
In 2008, cardiovascular disease accounted for
__% of all deaths in Canada.
__% of all male deaths.
__% of all female deaths.
29%
28%
29.7%
68
Heart disease and stroke costs the Canadian economy more than $____ every year
$20.9 billion
69
In 2005/06 there were
____ hospitalizations for ischemic heart disease
____ hospitalizations for heart attack
____ hospitalizations for congestive heart failure
160,323
60,996
54,333
70
The leading cause of hospitalizations in Canada is ____ and ____
Accounting for ___% total hospitalizations
Heart disease and stroke
16.9% total hospitalizations (19.8% men and 14% women)
71
In 2007, __ million Canadians reported having heart disease
1.3
(4.8% of Canadians — 4.2% females and 5.3% males 12 years and older)
72
Since 1952, the cardiovascular death rate in Canada has declined by more than __%
-__% in the last decade
75%
40% in the last decade
(Largely due to research advances in surgical procedures, drug therapies and prevention efforts)
73
When are congenital heart defects?
Abnormal heart structures, vessels, and valves at time of birth
74
What is rheumatic heart disease?
Bacterial infection of the heart that damages heart valves
75
What is congestive heart failure?
Condition that occurs when other diseases have damaged the heart and limited its function
76
What is bacterial endocarditis?
Infection of the lining or valves of the heart
77
What is an aneurysm (CVD)?
Weakness or bulge in artery that can burst and lead to massive internal bleeding
78
What is normal BP?
120 (systolic) over 80 (diastolic)
79
What is normal BP?
<130/<85
80
What is high normal BP?
130-13/90-99
81
What is stage 1 hypertension (mild) BP?
140-159/90-99
82
What is stage 2 hypertension (moderate) BP?
160-179/100-109
83
What is stage 3 hypertension (severe) BP?
>180/>110
84
Women with high BP are __ times greater risk of developing heart disease than women with normal BP
3.5
85
The body produces cholesterol primarily through the ___
Liver
86
About __% of Canadians have high blood cholesterol
40
87
What are the desirable amount of cholestoral?
Total: 200mg/dl
LDL-C: less than 100mg/dl
88
What is considered low HDL-C?
Less than 40mg/dl
89
What is the cholesterol ration equation?
TC/HDL-C
(Ex: TC = 180, HDL - C = 40
Cholesterol ratio = 4.5)
90
The American Heart Association recommends a cholesterol ratio of less than ___
3.5
91
How much more likely are you to get coronary heart disease if you do the following?
1) smoking
2) serum cholesterol (265 mg/dl)
3) systolic blood pressure (150mmHg)
4) physical inactivity
1) 2.5x
2) 2.4x
3) 2.1x
4) 1.9x
92
What is the most common type of stroke?
Cerebral thrombosis
(Over 85% of all strokes)
93
What race has a higher risk of stroke?
African-Americans
94
What is the major risk factor for stroke?
Hypertension
95
What is Fick equation?
VO2 max = (Max HR x stroke volume) x A-VO2 diff
96
What is the easiest VO2 test to administer?
2.4km run test
(Predicts according to the time it takes someone to run or walk 2.4km)
-not recommended for beginners, men > 45 and women > 55
(An aerobic program of at least 6 weeks is recommended before taking the test)
97
What is the step test (VO2 test)?
Test takes 3 minutes then heart rate is taken between 5 and 20 seconds afterward
98
What is the Astrand-Rhyming test?
-commonly used in laboratory setting
-conducted on a bicycle ergometer
-heart rate monitored and compared to chart
99
What is the Karvonen formula?
Maximum heart rate - resting heart rate x heart rate zone + resting heart rate
100
Highest VO2 max is found in which sport?
Cross-country skiers
(Bc they use more muscles)
101
What is normal blood surgar levels?
80-100mg/dl
EDKP 330
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