The sociological imagination lies at the intersection of _________ and ________.
History, Biography
Sociologists in the 1800s, such as Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber, strived to explain social behavior as an outgrowth of the __________ Revolution.
Industrial
Which theorist invented the word sociology to describe
a new academic discipline?
Auguste Comte
The concept of _____ was used by Max Weber to refer to the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world?
Rationalization
This founding sociologist developed the concept of
sociology, with a goal to discover universally applicable
social laws based on observation
Comte
This founding sociologist developed the concepts of
social facts, which are social phenomena that can be
studied as things unto themselves
Durkheim
This founding sociologist focused on the inequality
between the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie
(owners of capital)
Marx
This founding sociologist was interested primarily in
the spread of bureaucracy to organize human activi-
ties
Weber
This founding sociologist argued that gender is the
fundamental dividing line in a society
Martineau
This founding sociologist theorized that race is the
fundamental division of American society
DuBois
The social cohesion that fans feel at a baseball game
when their team wins is an examble of a
Manifest Function
Definitive principles or rules of behavior that people
are expected to observe are called
Social Norms
The components of a cultural system that are not ac-
tual physical objects are called
Nonmaterial Culture
Judging other cultures by the standards of one’s own
culture is known as
ethnocentrism
Assessing a society by its own cultural standards is known as
cultural relativism
What is the difference between social identity and
self-identity?
unique qualities vs Group
affiliation
George Herbert Mead referred to the general morality and values of the culture in which a child develops as the
generalized other
According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley’s theory, the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves. Cooley called this mirror the
looking glass self
Set of formal and informal social ties that link people
to eachother are called _____ by sociologists.
Networks
A large group of people that engages in concerted
collective actions to achieve specific objectives is called
a(n)
organization
The most important reason why dyads are fragile social groups is that ______
they consist of two members
refer(s) to principles or rules that people in society are expected to observe
norms
Nonconformity to a set of norms accepted by a signifi-
cant number of people in a community is called
deviance
Formal norms defined by governments as principles
their citizens must follow are called
laws
