SOCI 1001 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Sociology

A

The scientific study of how society shapes individuals and how individuals shape society.

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2
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

The ability to connect personal troubles to public issues and make the familiar strange (C. Wright Mills).

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3
Q

Positivism

A

Auguste Comte’s idea that sociology can discover laws of social life like natural sciences.

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4
Q

Verstehen

A

Max Weber’s approach: understanding social behavior from the actor’s point of view.

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5
Q

Social Fact

A

Durkheim’s concept: patterns external to individuals that influence behavior (e.g., suicide rates).

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6
Q

Social Structure

A

Patterned arrangements of roles and institutions that guide and constrain behavior.

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7
Q

Durkheim’s Study of Suicide

A

Showed suicide rates vary by social integration-revealing social, not individual, causes.

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8
Q

Functionalism

A

Perspective focused on how parts of society work together for stability and order.

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9
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Marx’s view that society is driven by competition and inequality between groups.

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10
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Perspective focused on how meaning is created and negotiated through social interaction.

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11
Q

Double Consciousness

A

W.E.B. Du Bois’s term for the divided identity felt by marginalized groups.

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12
Q

Theory Construction

A

Inductive process: move from specific observations to general theory.

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13
Q

Theory Testing

A

Deductive process: move from theory to hypothesis to testing with data.

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14
Q

Conceptualization

A

Defining what a concept means (e.g., what counts as ‘social capital’).

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15
Q

Operationalization

A

Turning abstract concepts into measurable indicators.

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16
Q

Independent Variable

A

The cause or predictor in a study.

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17
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The effect or outcome measured in a study.

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18
Q

Correlation

A

When two variables change together but one doesn’t necessarily cause the other.

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19
Q

Three Criteria for Causation

A

Correlation, time order, and non-spuriousness.

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20
Q

Control Variable

A

A variable held constant to isolate the main relationship.

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21
Q

Survey

A

Research method collecting data from many people using questionnaires.

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22
Q

Random Sample

A

Each member of the population has an equal chance of selection.

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23
Q

Field Research

A

Studying behavior in its natural setting; rich detail but less generalizable.

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24
Q

Experiment

A

Controlled research to test cause-and-effect relationships.

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25
Material Culture
Physical objects created by society (e.g., art, technology).
26
Non-Material Culture
Beliefs, values, norms, and symbols that give meaning to the material world.
27
Culture Lag
When material culture changes faster than non-material culture adapts.
28
Values
Deeply held beliefs about what is good or desirable.
29
Norms
Rules that guide behavior, based on values.
30
Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own.
31
Cultural Relativism
Understanding a culture by its own standards.
32
Ideology
A system of beliefs that justifies existing social arrangements.
33
Hegemony
Gramsci's concept: power maintained through cultural dominance, not just force.
34
Cultural Capital
Non-economic assets (education, taste, speech) that offer advantages.
35
Subculture
A group with distinct norms and values existing within a larger culture.
36
Counterculture
A subculture that rejects dominant norms and values.
37
Culture as a Toolkit
Symbolic interaction idea: people use culture strategically in daily life.
38
Alison Pugh's Study
Showed symbolic deprivation (middle class) vs. symbolic indulgence (working class).
39
Socialization
Process of learning values, norms, and skills to function in society.
40
Nature vs. Nurture
Debate over biological vs. social influences; modern view: both matter.
41
Epigenetics
Study of how environment turns genes on/off; bridges nature and nurture.
42
Neuroplasticity
Brain's ability to rewire itself through experience.
43
Personality
Stable traits and dispositions that shape reactions to the world.
44
Self
Self-awareness and reflection formed through social interaction.
45
Looking Glass Self
Cooley's idea: we form our self-image through others' reactions.
46
Role Taking
Mead's concept of learning who we are by taking others' perspectives.
47
Imitation Stage
Child copies others without understanding roles.
48
Play Stage
Child learns roles of specific others (e.g., playing parent).
49
Game Stage
Child learns rules and roles of society and coordination.
50
Generalized Other
The community's expectations internalized by individuals.
51
Ascribed Status
A status one is born into (e.g., race, gender).
52
Achieved Status
A status earned through action (e.g., job, education).
53
Master Status
The dominant status shaping a person's overall identity.
54
Role Strain
Conflicting demands within one role.
55
Role Conflict
Tension between roles from different statuses.
56
Melvin Kohn's Study
Working class = conformity; middle class = self-expression.
57
Annette Lareau's Study
Concerted cultivation (middle class) vs. natural growth (working class).
58
Impression Management
Goffman's idea: controlling how we present ourselves to others.
59
Front Stage
Public area where people perform social roles.
60
Back Stage
Private area where people can relax their performances.
61
Total Institution
Organization controlling nearly all aspects of life; resocializes members.
62
Social Construction of Reality
Reality is created and maintained through shared social meanings.
63
Social Aggregate
People in the same place without shared identity (e.g., bus stop crowd).
64
Social Category
People who share a trait but not interaction (e.g., all doctors).
65
Social Group
People who interact regularly and share identity.
66
Ingroup
Group one feels loyalty and belonging toward.
67
Outgroup
Group one feels opposition or competition toward.
68
Primary Group
Small, intimate, long-term relationships (family, close friends).
69
Secondary Group
Large, impersonal, goal-oriented relationships (coworkers).
70
Reference Group
Group used for self-evaluation and comparison.
71
Strength of Weak Ties
Weak ties often bring new info and opportunities (Granovetter).
72
Social Capital
Resources and advantages gained from social connections.
73
Embeddedness
Degree to which social ties are rooted in other relationships.
74
Bureaucracy
Weber's efficient, rule-based organization with hierarchy and specialization.
75
Organizational Structure
How roles and authority are arranged in an organization.
76
Organizational Culture
Shared values and norms that shape workplace behavior.
77
Isomorphism
Organizations in a field becoming increasingly similar over time.
SOCI 1001
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