Cognitive Communication Disorders > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What is Cognition?

A

Mental faculties and processing such as attention, memory, executive functions, and language

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2
Q

Relationship between brain and cognition

A

What happens to the brain (e.g., stroke) is logically distinct from what happens to cognition (e.g., aphasia)

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3
Q

Relationship between Language and Cognition

A

Language has a unique nature
-It is overlapped with cognition but is definitely a cognitive function

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4
Q

Attention

A

A cognitive process that relates to focusing resources to an external stimulus or an internal representation or thought

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5
Q

Sustained Attention

A

Maintain attention to complete a task accurately and efficiently over a period of time

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6
Q

Selective Attention

A

Ability to maintain attention in the presence of a distraction

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7
Q

Divided Attention

A

Ability to respond simultaneously to multiple task demands while maintaining speed and accuracy

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8
Q

Memory

A

-A representation of information
-Not a unitary phenomena

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9
Q

Sensory Memory

A

-Serves to briefly hold stimuli in a raw (sensory) form so that the stimuli can be registered and attended to

-This stage does not require conscious processing

-Shortest element of memory

-Brief impression of the stimulus after the sensation has ended

-Decays very rapidly

-E.g., visual stimuli-iconic memory
-E.g., auditory stimuli-echoic memory

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10
Q

Working Memory

A
  1. Short-term storage of information and manipulation of information
  2. Necessary to complete complex cognitive tasks such as language comprehension, learning, and reasoning
  3. Limited Capacity
  4. Decays after 10-15 seconds, sometimes after a minute
  5. rehearsal extends retention; unrehearsed information is lost
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11
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

-Episodic Memory
-Semantic memory
–Lexical Memory
-Prospective Memory

-Procedural Memory

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12
Q

Episodic Memory (recent and remote)

A

-Memories of conscious events in our lives that have a specific source in time and place

-Episodic memories are learned
–Intentional
–Incidental

-Episodic learning requires hippocampus and neighboring structures (medial temporal lobe)

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13
Q

Semantic Memory

A

-Memory related to meaning
-Memories of concepts, knowledge about the world, and about other people

-Semantic memories are formed from repeated exposure of similar episodes

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14
Q

Lexical-Semantics

A

-Labels we give to concepts

-Word Meaning: Pairing of phonological and orthographic representation with concept

-How to account for the variability from context to context

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15
Q

Prospective Memory

A

The ability to remember and perform an action at a specific time in the future

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16
Q

Procedural Memory

A

-Unconscious memory of skills and how to do things

-Motor memory: how to drive a bike

-Cognitive skill: Mirror reversed reading

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17
Q

Executive Functions

A

Oversees and guides complex human behavior toward meeting a goal

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18
Q

Cold Executive Functions

A

Related to cognitive aspects

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19
Q

Hot Executive Functions

A

Related to emotions

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20
Q

Social Cognition

A

Complex set of mental abilities underlying social stimulus perception, processing, interpretation, and response); and emotional regulation

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21
Q

Executive Function: Foundation Elements

A

-Inhibition
-Cognitive Flexibility
-Working Memory

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22
Q

Steps of Executive Function

A
  1. Goal Setting
  2. Planning/Organizing
  3. Initiation
  4. Self-Monitoring and Self-Evaluation
  5. Task Monitoring
  6. Inhibition
  7. Working Memory
  8. Cognitive Flexibility
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23
Q

Goal Setting

A

Immediate, Intermediate, and long-term goal setting

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24
Q

Planning/Organizing

A

Spontaneous planning of new tasks; Anticipate new events and prioritize

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25
Initiation
Independently initiate new activity; Seek and search for new information
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Self Monitoring and Self Evaluation
Self-monitor behavior and make changes as needed
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Task Monitoring
Independently monitor task performance, make any adjustments needed, complete task
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Inhibition
Impulse control; Manage/block distractions; delay response
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Working Memory
Hold information to complete task; update and manipulate information
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Cognitive Flexibility
Move freely from one activity to another; Consider multiple solutions when problem solving
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Part of brain for Executive functions
Prefrontal Cortex, but multiple regions are involved
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Metacognition
Awareness (insight) of ones own cognitive processing
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What is language?
Language is a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols
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Why is a definition of TBI needed?
For diagnosis, reporting, comparison, and interpretation of studies
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CDC TBI definition
TBI is a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury
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clinical signs of disruption in normal brain function
a. Any period of loss or decreased consciousness b. Any loss of memory for events immediately before (retrograde amnesia) or after the injury (post-traumatic amnesia or antereograde) c. Neurologic deficits such as muscle weakness, loss of balance and coordination, disruption of vision or hearing, change in speech and language, or sensory loss d. Any alteration in mental state at the time of the injury such as confusion, disorientation, slowed thinking, or difficulty with concentration
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The Demographics and Clinical Assessment Working Group of the International and Interagency Initiative toward Common Data Elements for Research on Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychological Health Definition of TBI
TBI is an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force
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Examples of Evidence of Brain Pathology
-May include neuroadiologic, or laboratory confirmation of damage to the brain -Diagnostic techniques may enable a diagnosis of TBI in the following situations: 1. Clinical consequences are subtle or delayed 2. Clinical diagnosis is confounded by a difficult context (e.g., battlefield TBI) 3. There is a need to differentiate TBI induced clinical signs from those with other causes (e.g., chemical warfare)
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Examples of External Force
-Head being struck by an object -Head striking an object -Brain undergoing acceleration/deceleration movement without direct external trauma to the head -A foreign body penetrating the brain -Forces generated from events such as a blast or explosion -Or other force yet to be defined
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Highest age group for TBI hospitalizations
75+
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What is TBI Classification based on?
-Mechanism of injury -Type of damage (pathoanatomic) -Clinical signs and symptoms (most common way) -Prognosis
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TBI classification based on physical mechanism of injury
-Penetrating inury/ open head injury: an object pierces the skull, enters the brain tissue, and damages the brain -Non-penetrating injury/ Blunt injury / closed head injury: A strong external force causes the brain to move within the skull
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Classification based on damage type
Focal Contusion: bruises or swelling in small, specific areas of the brain Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI): widespread damage tot he brain's white matter Hematomas (foca): bleeding in and around the brain caused by a rupture to a blood vessel
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Coup injury
Contusions under the impact site
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Countercoup injury
Contusions on the complete opposite side of the brain from the impact
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Diffuse Axonal Injury
Damage to the brain's white matter due to rapid rotational acceleration/deceleration of the head Shearing of the brain's long connecting nerve fibers (axons)
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Epidural hematoma
Bleeding into the area between the skull and the dura matter
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Subdural hematoma
Bleeding between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
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Subarachnoid Hematoma
Bleeding beneath the arachnoid mater
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Intracerebral Hematoma
Bleeding into he brain itself (e.g., ventricles)
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Classification based on clinical symptoms and severity
-GCS Score is most widely used -GCS provides a measure of depth of consciousness based on eye opening, verbalization, and motor response
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GCS Advantages
-Groups are distinct and discriminate important differences in clinical course and prognosis -Good inter-rater reliability -intended for serial examinations and outcomes
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GCS Disadvantages
-Needs interactive patient -Susceptible to confounding effects of sedation, paralysis, and pre-existing injuries -falls to consider factors such extracranial injuies and demographic info -Cannot get a verbal score for intubated patients or those whose signing -Inability to assess brainstem injury
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Classification based on prognosis
-An ability to classify patients based on their prognosis would assis in clinical decision making and resource allocation -IMPACT study for prognosis model
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Two most common causes of TBI in adults
Falls and Motor vehicle accidents
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Classification based on:
1. Mechanism of Injury 2. Type of Damage 3. Symptom severity (uses GCS) 4. Currently use a combination of the above
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ACRM mTBI definition
-Alteration of brain function where GCS score is 13-15 -One of the following manifestations: 1. loss of consciousness less than 30 minutes 2. Alteration in mental state immediately following the injury (e.g., confusion, disorientation, slowed thinking, or difficulty with concentration) 3. retrograde or antereograde amnesia spanning less than 24 hours 4. Focal neurologic deficits that may or may not be transient (e.g., muscle weakness, loss of balance and coordination, disruption of vision, change in speech and language, or sensory loss)
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Complicated mTBI
Meet clinical criteria for mild TBI but have positive findings on neuroimaging (e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage or constusions)
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TBI % Breakdown
-80% Mild -10% Moderate -10% Severe
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Cognitive Symptoms
-Difficulty thinking clearly -Feeling like "in a fog" -Difficulty concentrating -Difficulty remembering -Feeling slowed down -"Don't feel right" -confusion -difficulty communicating
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Physical symptoms
Ocular Motor -Headache, blurred vision, light sensitivity, pressure behind eyes, sensitivity using screens, eye fatigue Vestibular -Dizziness, "fogginess," nausea, disequilibrium Headache -Nausea, vomiting, light and noise sensitivity, head pain
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Emotional Symptoms
-Anxiety -Nervousness -feeling overwhelmed -hypervigilance -depression -sadness -irritability -loss of energy -fatigue -poor motivation
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Associated Symptoms
Sleep problems Cervical strain -Neck pain, neck stiffness, occipital or suboccipital headache
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Auditory symptoms
Tinnitus Noise Sensitivity Hearing difficulty
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mTBI recovery
-Acute to Subacute: 0-3 months post injury -Chronic stage: 3 months post injury (prolonged post concussion symptoms)
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Prolonged Post-Concussive Symptoms
-Not objectively verifiable on standardized tests, but still real symptoms -Could be due to neurogenic factors (physiologic changes to brain) -Psychogenic factors -Behavioral factors
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Cognitive Communication Disorders
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