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Computer Literacy or Digital Literacy
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• Digital Literacy means having a current knowledge and
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understanding of computers
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mobile devices
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related technologies.
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What is a Computer?
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• A Computer is an electronic device that processes data into
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information
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• Main functions of a computer:
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• Input
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• Process
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• Output
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• Storage
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• Communication
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• Data refers to raw facts
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such as: text
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• Information is data that has been processed to become meaningful such
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as: Invoice
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Report
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History of Computers
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First Generation: Used Vaccum Tubes
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Second Generation: Used Transistors
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Third Generation: Used Integrated Circuits
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Fourth Generation: Used Microprocessors
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The Internet of Things (IoT)
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• The IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices embedded
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in many products (referred to as smart devices)
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which
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communicate via the Internet or wireless networks
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• The IoT is an environment where processors are embedded in
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objects that communicate with one another via the Internet or
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wireless networks.
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• The IoT enables you to manage devices remotely in your home
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in order to: (for example)
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• adjust the room temperature
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• start the washing machine at a certain time
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• view potential intruders via a webcam
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Artificial Intelligence
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• Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence by
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machines or computer systems
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• Some applications of AI include:
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• Speech recognition systems
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• Navigation Apps
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• Virtual assistants such as Siri
Cortana
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• Virtual reality
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Virtual Reality (VR)
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• VR is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined
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environment that appears as a 3D (three-dimensional) space.
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Assistive Technology
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• Screen Readers:
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• Technology that uses audio
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output to describe the contents
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of the screen
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• Assist users that have a visual
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disability
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• Speech Recognition Software:
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• Software that helps a user to input
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data or information verbally
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• Assistive Technology allows users with disabilities to use
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many different devices and software that enable them to
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access and use technology.
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Technology in Transportation
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• GPS - helps delivery truck drivers avoid traffic delays
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• Code scanning - used to scan bar codes and track packages
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Technology in Manufacturing
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• Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software
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to control machine/tools to automate a manufacturing process
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• Robotics is the science that combines engineering and
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technology to create and program robots.
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• Ideal for repetitive tasks or tasks that are too dangerous
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Impact of Technology in our environment
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• E-waste: Electronic waste from discarded computers and digital
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devices has a negative effect on the environment where it is
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discarded.
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• Often contains toxic metals such as lead and mercury
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• To reduce the impact of technology in our environment
we should
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practice Green Computing
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• Green Computing is the use of computers and other computing
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devices and equipment in energy-efficient and eco-friendly ways
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such as:
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• Reduce Electronic Trash
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• Donate Computer Equipment
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• Recycle paper
toner and ink cartridges
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printers
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• Use paperless communication
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• Purchase energy efficient products with label such as Energy Star
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The Internet
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• The Internet is:
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• a global collection of billions of computers connected to share
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information
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• a collection of interconnected networks
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• the largest computer network in the world
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The Web (World Wide Web)
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• The Web is a collection of webpages located on computers around
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the world
connected through the Internet
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• The Web is just one of the resources available on the Internet
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• Other resources available on the Internet include:
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• Email
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• SMS
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• VoIP
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Webpages
Websites
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• A webpage is an electronic document that can contain text
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graphics
sound
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• A website is a collection of webpages
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• A web browser is a software used to display webpages and
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enter web addresses
or URLs.
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URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
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• a URL is a web address which identifies the location of
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webpages on the Internet
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• Domain name: the part of a URL or email address that identifies one or
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more IP addresses. For example: cengage.com
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• Top-level domain (TLD): In a domain name
the three-letter
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extension after the period to identify the type of website
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.com is for commercial enterprises
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.edu is for educational institutions
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.gov is for U.S. government agencies.
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Web Servers
IP Addresses
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• A web server is a computer on the internet that stores webpages
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• Each web address or URL corresponds to an IP address
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• An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique number that
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consists of four sets of numbers from 0 to 255
separated by periods
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or dots such as: 69.32.132.255
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• Cookies are small text files placed on your computer when you visit
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a website.
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• provide a way for sites to store information about your preferences
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and
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• to identify you as you navigate through a site.
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Secure website/webpage
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• A secure website is a website that uses encryption to
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safeguard transmitted information.
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• Encryption is a security method that codes data as it is
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transmitted over a network
so it is not readable until it is
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decrypted.
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• Encryption “scrambles” information so that it cannot
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be read unless the user has the “key.”
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Computer Hardware Components
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• Computer hardware refers to any physical component of a
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computer
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• Types of computer hardware include:
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• Input Devices
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• Output Devices
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• The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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• Memories such as RAM
ROM
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• Storage Devices such as Hard drives
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Input Devices
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• Input Devices allow to enter data into the computer
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• Keyboard
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• Touchpad
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• Trackball
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• Touchscreen
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• Stylus
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• Microphone
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• Camera/webcam
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• Scanner
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Output Devices
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• Output Devices convey information from the computer to the user
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• Speakers
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• Headphones
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• Earbuds
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• Projectors
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• Printers
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
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• The CPU is primarily responsible for converting input (data) into
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meaningful output (information)
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• The CPU is a complex integrated circuit consisting of millions of
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electronic parts
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RAM (Random Access Memory)
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• RAM temporarily stores data needed by the operating system and
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apps you use
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• RAM is stored on one or more chips connected to motherboard
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(the main circuit board of the computer)
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• RAM is volatile (temporary): loses its contents when power is
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removed
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Buffer/Spooler
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• The Buffer or Spooler is an area of memory that stores data
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and information waiting to be sent to an input or output device
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• For example:
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• When multiple users send a document to the same
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printer
documents are placed in a buffer so the printer
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can only print one document at a time.
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ROM (Read-Only Memory)
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• ROM contains the BIOS which tells your computer how to start
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• ROM is permanently installed on your computer and is attached
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to the motherboard.
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• ROM is non-Volatile (Permanent): does not lose its contents
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when power is removed
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Storage Devices
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• Storage Devices are designed to store data for extended periods
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of time
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• Hard Drives
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• Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
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• Solid State Drive (SSD)
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• Optical Discs
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• CD
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• DVD
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• Blu-ray discs
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• USB Flash Drives
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• Memory cards
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• Cloud Storage (storing electronic files on the Internet instead of a local
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computer) ie. Google Drive
Microsoft OneDrive
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Devices Drivers
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• A device driver is a program that controls a device attached to
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the computer.
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• It is a program that enables a hardware device to communicate
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with the computer’s operating system
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• Without device drivers
devices like printers and video cards do
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not work.
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Binary System
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• The Binary System is a system using a combination of
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two digits 0 and 1
to represent data
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• Computers use the Binary System to represent data
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• Bit: (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data a
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computer can process.
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• Byte: 8 bits grouped together.
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• A byte can represent a single character in the computer
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or mobile device
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• 1 KB ~ 1 Thousand Bytes
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• 1 MB ~ 1 Million Bytes
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• 1 GB ~ 1 Billion Bytes
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• 16 GB is larger than 16 MB
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Software (or Program)
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• A Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform
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tasks.
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• Categories of Software:
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• System Software - software that runs a computer and includes:
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• Operating Systems
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• Utility Programs
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• Application Software – allow users to accomplish specific tasks
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• Word processing programs
games
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• Development Software – used to create software and apps
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• Programming Languages
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Operating Systems
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• An OS is a program that manages the complete operation of
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your computer or mobile device and lets you interact with it
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• The OS coordinates the resources and activities on a computer
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• The OS provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
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• Examples of Operating Systems:
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• Microsoft Windows
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• macOS
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• Chrome OS
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• Unix
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• Linux
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• iOS
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• Android
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Types of Operating Systems
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• There are different types of Operating Systems based on the
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type of device:
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• Desktop Operating Systems
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• Windows 10
MacOS
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• Mobile Operating Systems
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• iOS
Android
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• Embedded Operating Systems used in:
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• appliances
cruise control system in cars
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• smart thermostat
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• Server Operating Systems
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• Windows Server 2019
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• Mac OS Server
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Utility Programs
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• Utility programs enable you to perform maintenance-type tasks
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related to managing the computer or device.
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• Utility programs are the tools that you use for:
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• Managing files:
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• in Windows: File Explorer
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• on MacOS: Finder
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• Compressing (Zip) /Decompressing (Unzip) files
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• Data Backup
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• copying files from a computer’s hard drive and storing them in a
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remote location
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• Installing/Uninstalling programs
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User Accounts
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• used to protect your computer against unauthorized access
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• include permissions that control which files and folders the user
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can access.
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• identify the resources a user can access when working with the
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computer
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• Admin account has full access
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• Standard Account has limited access
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Type of Apps
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• Local apps: apps that are installed on the computer’s hard drive
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• Native Apps: Apps written for a specific operating system and is
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installed on the user’s computer or mobile device
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• Mobile Apps: apps that you access on a mobile device such as a
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smartphone or tablet
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• Web Apps: apps that are accessed through the internet
on a web
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browser instead of being installed on your device.
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• For example:
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• Google docs
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• social media sites
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• Office 365
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• Portable apps: apps that run from removable storage
such as an
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external hard drive or from the cloud
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File extension
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• A suffix at the end of a filename
separated by a dot
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identifies the file type and its intended use
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• For instance
Graphic files are digital files that contain images
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illustrations
or other visual data.
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• Popular Graphics file extensions include:
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.png
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.bmp
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.jpg
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.tiff
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.gif
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.raw
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Malware (Malicious Software)
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• The term Malware refers to software programs that are harmful
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to your computer
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• Malware include:
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• Virus: malicious program that reproduces itself on the same
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computer
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• Worm: Harmful program that spreads throughout a computer and
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network without requiring user interaction.
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• Trojan: malware that hides inside another program (often
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downloaded from the web)
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• Ransomware: Type of malware that prevents a user’s device
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from properly and fully functioning until a fee is paid
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Social Engineering Techniques
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• Social Engineering is group of techniques used by attackers to
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trick users into giving valuable information to the attacker.
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• For example:
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• Phishing emails: redirect users to fake websites as an attempt to
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trick the user into giving private information
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• Hoax: a false warning
often contained in an email message that
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pretends to come from a valid source
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• Spam: unwanted email messages sent from an unknown sender
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to many email accounts
usually advertising a product or service.
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Authentication Methods
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• Methods used to prevent unauthorized access and include:
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• Passwords - the most common type of authentication used today.
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• Biometrics Systems - use the unique physical characteristics of
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your face
hands
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• Two factor authentication (2FA) - a method that combines multiple
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types of authentication to increase security.
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• Often requires something you know (such as a password) and
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something no one else has (such as a security code sent to your
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phone)
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Carey/Pinard/Shaffer/Shellman/Vodnik
New Perspectives Collection
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Reserved. May not be scanned
copied or duplicated
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Equipment used to Protect Devices from Electrical
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problems
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• Surge protector: can protect computer equipment
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from spikes
surges
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• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): can be used
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to protect against blackouts and brownouts
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o Also contains a battery to keep devices running
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temporary
computer concepts
flashcards
Decks in class (1)
# Cards
