Biol 202 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Transports hormones
  • Homeostatic regulation
  • Protection

These functions are essential for maintaining overall health and physiological balance.

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2
Q

What are the two main components of whole blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Formed elements

These components play distinct roles in the circulatory system.

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3
Q

List the components of plasma.

A
  • Albumin - transports hormones
  • Globulins - immune response and lipid transportation
  • Fibrinogen - blood clotting
  • Regulatory proteins - regulate various physiological processes

Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries cells and proteins.

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4
Q

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

A

Serum lacks fibrinogen and other clotting factors

Serum is the liquid that remains after blood has clotted.

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5
Q

Name the formed elements of the blood.

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)

These elements are crucial for various functions such as oxygen transport and immune response.

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6
Q

Describe the erythrocyte: morphology and how it relates to their function.

A

Biconcave disk with no nucleus, increased surface area and can fold

This structure is optimal for gas exchange and allows passage through narrow capillaries.

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7
Q

Describe the erythrocyte: function.

A
  • O2 transport
  • CO2 transport
  • Regulation of blood pH

Erythrocytes are essential for respiratory gas exchange and maintaining acid-base balance.

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8
Q

Describe the erythrocyte: composition.

A

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the protein responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cells.

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9
Q

What is the hemoglobin structure?

A

Quaternary - 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains (each with heme group and a central iron atom)

This structure allows hemoglobin to effectively bind and transport oxygen.

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10
Q

What is the hemoglobin function?

A

Transport O2 throughout the body

Hemoglobin is crucial for delivering oxygen to tissues and organs.

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11
Q

Erythrocyte lifespan

A

120 days

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12
Q

What occurs to the constituents of degraded or broken-down red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin?

A

Macrophages in the spleen and liver break down and is recycled into amino acids

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13
Q

What is the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated blood is bright red, travels from the lungs through arteries to the body’s tissues, and is rich in oxygen. Deoxygenated blood is a darker red, flows from the tissues through veins back to the heart and lungs, and contains a higher concentration of carbon dioxide, a waste product

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14
Q

Define anemia

A

low/reduced hemoglobin

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15
Q

Define Polycythemia

A

Abnormally high number of red blood cells

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16
Q

Define Erythropoiesis

A

Process of RBC production in the body

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17
Q

What is the importance of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)

A

crucial for stimulating red blood cell (RBC) production in the bone marrow, ensuring oxygen transport throughout the body, with its release from the kidneys increasing when oxygen levels are low

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18
Q

What is the test that measures the percentage of RBCs in a blood sample?

A

Hematocrit

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19
Q

List the five types of leukocytes

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte

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20
Q

Neutrophil function:

A

Helps in phagocytosis (ingestion of bacteria)

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21
Q

Basophil function:

A

Produces inflammatory and allergic reactions

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22
Q

Eosinophil function

A

Fights against parasitic infection

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23
Q

B lymphocyte function

A

Makes antibodies

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24
Q

T lymphocyte function

A

Helps fight cancer

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25
Natural Killer cells function
Part of the innate immune system, they kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization
26
Monocyte function
Fights bacteria, viruses, and fungi
27
What do monocytes differentiate into, after they enter tissues?
Macrophages and dendrites
28
What does the CBC test stand for and why is it ordered?
“Complete Blood Count” measures # of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
29
What does the CBC diff test stand for and why is it ordered?
“Complete Blood Count with differential” provides a more detailed breakdown of WBC types (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
30
Describe the platelet/thrombocyte morphology
Disc-shaped, containing granules
31
What is the precursor cell of platelets?
Megacaryocytes
32
What is the function of platelets?
Prevent fluid loss via blood clotting
33
What is the function of thrombopoietin?
Stem cells produce platelets
34
Define hematopoiesis
The process of blood cell production
35
Location of hematopoiesis
Bone marrow
36
Define hematopoietic stem cells
immature, powerful cells in the bone marrow that continuously generate all types of mature blood cells—red cells, white cells, and platelets—through a process called hematopoiesis
37
Which cells are produced at the end of hematopoiesis?
Erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes
38
Define hemostasis:
The stopping of blood flow
39
What are the three important steps of hemostasis ?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation/ clot formation
40
Define vascular spasm:
The vessels narrow in vascular spasm, which limits blood loss
41
Define platelet plug:
Von Willebrand factor stabilizes the clot and fixes it to the collagen fibers which causes the platelet plug to form
42
Define coagulation/ clot formation:
Fibrin forms a mesh and stabilizes the clot until endothelial cells can reproduce
43
Define hemorrhage:
Blood escaping from a ruptured blood vessel
44
Define fibrinolysis:
Fibrin breakdown
45
Where is the antigen for ABO classification found?
Surface of RBC
46
Where is the antibody for ABO classification found?
Within the plasma
47
Where is the antigen for Rh classification found?
Surface of RBC
48
Which blood type is the universal donor and why?
O - (no antigen)
49
Which blood type is the universal recipient and why?
AB+ ( have both A and B antigens)
50
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis?
Blood disorder - mother’s and baby’s blood types are incompatible– leading to the mother’s antibodies attacking and destroying the baby’s RBCs
51
How can hemolytic disease be treated?
RH immune globulin (RHoGAM) medication administered to the mother
52
Define agglutination:
The process of particles or cells clumping together, usually in response to an antibody
53
Name the three types of blood vessels
Artery, veins, capillaries
54
Artery function:
Pump blood from heart to rest of the body
55
Veins function:
Pump blood from body’s organs and tissues back to the heart
56
Capillaries function:
Site of exchange between blood and tissues
57
What do the blue and red colors represent as seen on blood vessel images/models?
Blue is deoxygenated blood towards probe Red is oxygenated blood away from probe
58
Describe the unidirectional blood flow in the blood vessels from arteries to veins
Hearts pumping, structures in place to prevent backflow, muscle contractions assisting the return of low-pressure blood to heart
59
Arteries
carrying oxygenated blood away from heart into body’s tissues
60
Veins
carry deoxygenated blood back to heart for reoxygenation
61
Which blood vessels are microscopic?
Capillaries
62
What is the difference between vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction: narrowing of blood vessels; Vasodilation: widening of blood vessels
63
What is the importance of arterioles?
the primary control points for blood pressure and the distribution of blood flow throughout the body's tissues
64
Define perfusion:
Passage of blood through blood vessels or other natural channels
65
Why is perfusion an important process in capillaries?
Essential process of delivering oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
66
Define blood pressure:
Force of blood pushing against arteries as heart pumps
67
What is the instrument that measures blood pressure?
Sphygomomanometer
68
Which is the most commonly used blood vessel for blood pressure measurement?
Brachial artery
69
What is the top number for blood pressure called?
Systole
70
What is the bottom number for blood pressure called?
Diastole
71
What is the normal blood pressure measurement?
120mmHg/80mmHg
72
Define pulse:
Rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries as blood is pumped through them by the heart
Biol 202
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