1
Q
Schooling is…
A
Conformity
Deskilling
Reproduction of the Status Quo
2
Q
Education is…
A
Creativity
Growth
Contributing to Social Change
3
Q
Industrialization
A
Migration and Social Cohesion
Urbanization
Semi-skilled labour force
4
Q
Secularization
A
Decline in traditional sources of social power
changing social norms
5
Q
Nationalism
A
Growth of European nation-states
Shared identities
Inter-imperial European rivalries (war)
6
Q
Democratization
A
Limited enfranchisement
7
Q
Origins of Alberta School Systems are rooted in what
A
French-Catholic and Northern European Industrial models
8
Q
our experiences are..
A
A mixed bag
9
Q
Compulsory education
A
A period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government.
10
Q
Alberta Education Act
A
Governs the K-12 system, defining roles for the Ministry, school boards, parents, and students.
11
Q
Compulsory schooling
A
site to form minds, bodies and subjects
12
Q
Ideology
A
Ways of producing knowledge and forms of knowledge that are based in abstraction from reality. (power and form of dominany ways of thinking)
13
Q
Hegemony
A
mode of governing society that relies upon the governed consenting to the rule of thise that govern
14
Q
Hegemony in education
A
State institutions cultivate a worldview that reflects the interests of those in power
15
Q
Passive Reistance
A
- “Acting out’
- Non-participation
- ‘Dropping out’
- Withdrawal
- Non-Compliance
- Attrition
16
Q
Active Resistance
A
- Compliant
- Collective Organizing
- Advocacy
- Pedagogical Experimentation
- Curriculum Interpretation
- Creativity in Classrooms
17
Q
Ideologies make the world seem
A
Neutral and Normal
18
Q
Education is NOT the major social institiution for ‘making’ citizens? (TRUE OR FALSE)
A
FALSE… IT IS
19
Q
The First Parameters of ‘The State’
A
- Consolidated power to govern and enforce borders
- Sovereignty in a geographical area
- Singular
20
Q
What is the ‘State’ made up of?
A
- Legislative Apparatus
- Administrative Apparatus
- Welfare Apparatus
- Coercive Apparatus
21
Q
Legislative Apparatus
A
Framework of action, legality, and protocol
22
Q
Administrative Apparatus
A
Implementation and management
23
Q
Welfare Apparatus
A
Values and policies that see to health & well being of individuals and society
24
Q
Coercive Apparatus
A
Mechanisms of enforcement
25
What is the Legislative, Administrative, Welfare, and Coercive Apparatus for PUBLIC EDUCATION
- Legislative Apparatus: Alberta Education Act
- Administrative Apparatus: Ministry of Education & Local school boards
- Welfare Apparatus: Publicly subsidized education benefits the individual and the society as a whole
- Coercive Apparatus: Education of children until the age of 16 is compulsory
26
The state claims what? (4)
- Universality
- Neutrality
- Singularity
- Continuity
27
Power
The ability to exert control or influence the ways we think and act
(Techniques through which those in authority impose their ideas and interests on everyone)
28
Whats the Panopticon
a circular prison with cells arranged around a central well, from which prisoners could at all times be observed.
29
Panopticon brought what? (3)
- Socialization into compliance
- Power produces self-policing
- Very structure produces conformity and passivity
30
Who did the study of prisons?
Michel Foucault
31
Individualism
Free to make their own choices that determine their own fate (we are all unique (race,class,gender) and isn't relevant to our opportunities)
32
Meritocracy
principle that our system evaluates individuals based upon merit and achievement in accordance with universal standards and criteria.
33
Meritocratic ideology leads both
low and high status group members to see their position in the hierarchy as fair and legitimate.
34
Formative Assessment
Allows students to receive feedback and improve their work.
35
Summative Assessment:
Evaluation taken of student knowledge, capacity, or ability; typically involves assignation of grades or ranking
36
Whats the Assessment Formula Assumption
Individual effort/hard work
+
Summative Assessment
=
Accurate Depiction of Student Capacity + Ability
37
Ideologies are..
habits and rituals that are built through social and cultural practices
38
The Normalcy Curve =
The Failure to Teach (Benjamin Bloom)
39
Behavioural Discipline
Use of force or coercion to mkae students behave in particular ways
40
Behavioural discipline includes
Banal
Procedural
Hegemonic
Normalization
41
What is Banal? (discipline)
Sharing and cooperating
42
What is Procedural? (discipline)
Stand in line, raise your hand
43
What is Hegemonic? (discipline)
Submit to authority, follow rules
44
What is Normalizationl? (discipline)
To make something seem normal or commonsense
45
Time Discipline
Regularization and normalization of the use of time and quantification to manage and organize daily life
46
What are Times Disciplines?
- Timed activities
- Class periods
- Quantification of lfe
- Assigning quantified value
47
Quantification of life
Counting how much you do of something
48
Assigning quantified value
grades and marks
49
Hidden curriculum
All things learned in school that normalize the world we live in and the social relations of power in which we live
(Part of the socializing function of schools)
50
Declared Curriculum
What is assumed students are learning
51
Learned curriculum
What students actually learn
52
Taught curriculum
The curriculum as presented
53
What is the purpose of dress codes?
Work to justify the surveillance and regulation of girls' bodies and dress while reinforcing oppressive societal gender norms, and they work to reinforce class-and race-based norms
54
What is the political function of schooling
SOCIAL REPRODUCTION
- Reproduce dominant culture in society
- Ensure the legitimacy and continuity of the state
- consolidate power relations in society
55
Colonialism
Logic of Extraction & Exploitation
- occupies and usurps labour/land.resources from one group of people for the benefit of another
56
Settler Colonialism
Logic of Elimination & Erasure
- Land is Key
- Seeks replacement of indigenous peoples
- Settlers are here/there to stay
- Exists as long as settlers are living on appropriated land
57
Why is settler colonialism foundational in Canada
Historical process through which the nation-state came into being
58
Why is settler colonialism constitutional in Canada
Part of the fundamental political and economic structure of the country
59
Why is settler colonialism Contemporary in Canada
The ongoing relations that constitute the territory and political, economic, social, and cultural functioning of the state
60
Benevolence
Land/Opportunity given to settlers, assimilate and "improve" indigenous people, Peace-keeping rep.
61
Nationalism
Ideology of loyalty to, and often superiority of, ones imagined national community
62
What are Canadas Public education systems? (4)
- English language schools
- Catholic schools
- Francophone schools
- FNMI systems (residential schools & on reserve schools)
63
Residential schools stated purpose
to prepare first nations children to be 'productive members' of canadian society
64
Residential schools actual purpose
to separate first nations children from their families, communities, language and culture
(use of extreme violence to make them comply)
65
Epistemicide
REMOVING
The erase of the knowledge system or ways
of knowing of a particular cultural or national group.
(Purposeful erasure of knowledge through violence)
66
(Cultural) Assimilation:
process of adopting the beliefs, values, and practices of a dominant (more powerful)
cultural group.
(Enforcing)
67
Internalized Colonization:
process of internalizing dominant colonial mythology, narratives, and ideology.
(Product of being assimilated... to a point)
68
Cultural Imperialism:
imposition of cultural beliefs.
69
Cognitive Imperialism:
forced imposition of the ways of thinking/knowing of a more powerful group onto a less powerful group; involves replacing the ways of knowing of the less powerful group.
* Cultural Imperialism: imposition of cultural beliefs.
* Linguistic Imperialism: imposition of language
69
Assimilation (Externalized Pressure)
Pressured adoption of a dominant culture’s language, values, and practices, often requiring abandonment of one’s own.
Forced versus Voluntary.
70
Linguistic Imperialism:
imposition of language
71
Cognitive Imperialism (Epistemic Domination)
The systematic privileging of Western knowledge systems while marginalizing Indigenous ways of knowing.
71
Neoliberalism
RESTRUCTURING and REFORMING all aspects of public life
applies free-market principles to schools, transforming education from a public good into a private commodity.
Refers to ways of governing society that emphasise the central role of markets and advocate for minimal state involveemnt and intervention in the market
71
Internalized Colonization (Internal Acceptance)
When colonized peoples absorb and reproduce colonial beliefs about inferiority
71
Competitiveness
Dismantling procedural state bureaucracy and range of welfare provision
72
Deregulation
Removal of the state from substantive role in regulating the economy
73
Privatization
sale of government business, agencies, or services to private owners; moves accountability to shareholders and way from public
73
Public sector monopolies
when the state has a monopoly on the provision of a particular public service, typically welfare services (education, health)
but also military, transportation, housing development, etc.
74
what was neoliberalism effect 1
Mandate of education
(how it influences and incorporates in classroom)
74
what was neoliberalism effect 3
Governance & Administration
Governance mechanisms have been changing to reflect new models for managing the public sector
-managerialism
- centralization
- privatization of certain services
74
what was neoliberalism effect 2
Reduced Education Funding
- School systems seek other forms of funding like fees, private public partnerships or sponsors.
- Cuts in teacher salaries
- Deterioration of infrastructure
- Cutting of Programs
75
Managerialism
Implementation of buisness-like practices, such as accountability measures and management techniques from private sector
76
what was neoliberalism effect 4
Diversify (Private) provision and increase competition
competition between schools and institutions with the goal of emulating a free market in the education system (school choice)
- publicly funded schemes for private education
- rise in global education industry
77
What makes an area of work a 'profession'?
- Discrete knowledge
- Formal period of preparation, credentials, or requirements that reflect the body of knowledge
- Affording of ‘large’ degree of autonomy by the state
- High levels of cooperation amongst peers
- Control over entry into the profession and standards of work
- Serves a social purpose
78
Teachers as Professionals...
Professional Association:
Alberta Teachers Association (ATA)
79
Teachers as Professionals...
Credential:
Bachelors of Education & Teacher licensing
80
Teachers as Professionals...
Professional Code of Conduct:
ATA Code of Conduct
81
Teachers as Professionals...
Competence Requirements:
Teacher Quality Standards
82
What is changing in the teacher’s working day? (5)
- Decrease in FUNDING: smaller budgets, larger classrooms, privatization
- Increase in STANDARDIZATION: testing & curriculum
- ACCOUNTABILITY measures: student performance = teacher performance
- Decrease in AUTONOMY and CREATIVITY
- Increase in scope of classroom LABOUR: social work, nursing, mental health, education psychologist, behavioural specialist, content expertise
83
What are some impacts of neoliberal reform of education? (6)
○ Decreased teacher autonomy,
○ Intensification of labour (do more in less time/work harder)
○ Changing process of state regulation, ie performance pay
○ Decreased compensation
○ Decreased collective bargaining power
○ Increase managerialism
84
What is managerialism (3)
● Assumption that the modes/practices/ideas of the management of a private corporation are superior;
● Imposition of those modes of beliefs into the public sector
● May be called ‘new public management’
85
What are some practices of managerialism
outcomes-based measurement, reporting, standardization, ‘accountability’ mechanisms (e.g merit-based pay), increased hierarchy, directive curriculum.
86
What did teachers argue about managerialism
1) decreased their professional competencies and status
2) removes creativity and autonomy from the profession, 3) makes schools more ‘factory-like.’
87
Deskilling
imposition of practices, policies, or technologies that strip workers of autonomy, erode their knowledge-based, and make
them more vulnerable in the workplace.
88
Proletarianization
Process whereby workers are subject to increasing, externally drive forms of control and presssure
89
What are challenges teachers face?
● expected to do too many things: instruct, mentor, discipline, evaluate, administer, counsel and advise, deal with parents, coach, monitor playgrounds, and the list goes on…
● Large classes, lack of preparation time, inadequate resources to meet all student needs deeply shape intensification
● Accountability and standardization measures
● Deskilling
● Proletarianization
90
What are some Teaching Labour Concerns:
Classroom complexity, resources, working
conditions, and compensation (not rising with inflation).
91
what are some GoA Concerns:
Cost, implementation, fixing
problems of previous governments, parental
choice/impact.
92
Political Rationality (4)
● Forms of reason
● Discourses
● ‘Logics’
● Ways of thinking and making sense
93
Political Technology (3)
● Ways of doing things
● Protocols, policies, practices
● Mechanisms & forms of governance
Eg: Managerialism, accountability
EDU 100
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