midterm

Question 1

TERMINOLOGY

Answer 1

TERMINOLOGY

Question 2

central ray (CR)

Answer 2

central ray (CR)

• center of a radiographic beam
• demonstrated by shadow created by collimator light when positioning a patient
• will be directed at particular anatomical structures to obtain accurate placement

Question 3

part position

Answer 3

part position:

position of the body part being exposed

• ex. on cervical flexion view

     - head is in complete flexion

Question 4

patient position

Answer 4

patient position

• postural attitude of the patient’s body during exposure of film
• ex. recumbent, seated, standing
• most chiropractic films are weight bearing (standing or seated)
• in case of extreme obesity, recumbent positioning displaces adipose tissue

Question 5

tube

Answer 5

tube

portion of the machine where x-ray radiation is produced and directed towards the patient

Question 6

tube tilt

Answer 6

tube tilt

the angle of the x-ray machine

Question 7

tube/film distance

Answer 7

tube/film distance

• aka focal/film distance

Question 8

bucky

Answer 8

bucky

• the portion of the x-ray machine which houses the grid and the cassette with be placed during the exposure of a film

Question 9

cassette

Answer 9

cassette

• light-tight box (casing)
• allows unexposed film to be in a lighted room unaffected

Question 10

collimation

Answer 10

collimation

• mechanism (inside the tube) utilized to limit the exposure field
• required to be seen on the film in some states

Question 11

RELATIONSHIP TERMINOLOGY

Answer 11

RELATIONSHIP TERMINOLOGY

Question 12

cephalad

Answer 12

cephalad

towards the head or I-S

Question 13

caudal

Answer 13

caudal

towards the feet of S-I

Question 14

distal

Answer 14

distal

towards the periphery of the body

Question 15

proximal

Answer 15

proximal

towards the center of the body

Question 16

lateral

Answer 16

lateral

towards the right or left side of the body

Question 17

medial

Answer 17

medial

towards the midline of the body

Question 18

flexion

Answer 18

flexion

angle of body parts is decreased

Question 19

extension

Answer 19

extension

angle of body parts is increased

Question 20

MARKERS

Answer 20

MARKERS

Question 21

single letter markers

Answer 21

single letter markers

single letter marker indicates the patient’s appropriate side of the body part closest to the film during exposure

Question 22

multiple letter markers

Answer 22

multiple letter markers

the marker will indicate the body part closest to the film during the exposure

• ex. RAO, RPO

Question 23

placement of marker

Answer 23

placement of marker

• never obstruct any anatomical structure with a marker
• carefully place markers so that they are not collimated out of the exposed area of the film
• do not place markers in the area of the nameplate

Question 24

mitchell markers

Answer 24

mitchell markers

• markers with mercury balls inside a small dome or bubble
• when the bucky is upright the balls will be located at the bottom of the dome
• when the bucky is parallel to the floor, the balls will be centrally located

Question 25

CERVICAL VIEWS

Answer 25

CERVICAL VIEWS

Question 26

lateral cervical view

Answer 26

**lateral cervical view** * CR: L to R, or R to L (doctor's choice, except for scoliosis) * patient position: patient's coronal plane is perpendicular to the bucky * tube tilt: none (some techniques will be taken with a tube tile for chiropractic purposes)

Question 27

lateral cervical view (cont'd #1)

Answer 27

**lateral cervical view (cont'd #1)** demonstrates: body heights & widths * disc height * cervical curve * ADI (less than 3 mm for adults) (less than 5 mm for children)

Question 28

lateral cervical view (cont'd #2)

Answer 28

**lateral cervical view (cont'd #2)** demonstrates: • sella turcica – AP normal range: 5-16 mm average: 11 mm – SI normal range: 4-12 mm average: 8 mm

Question 29

lateral cervical view (cont'd #3)

Answer 29

**lateral cervical view (cont'd #3)** demonstrates: • prevertbral soft tissue – retropharyngeal interspace: C1-C3 levels – retrolaryngeal interspace: C4-C5 levels – retrotracheal interspace: C6-C7

Question 30

lateral cervical view (cont'd #4)

Answer 30

**lateral cervical view (cont'd #4)** demonstrates: • airways – pharynx: C1-C3 – larynx: C4-C5 – trachea C6-C7

Question 31

anteroposterior cervical view

Answer 31

**anteroposterior cervical view** * aka "lower cervical view" * CR: anterior to posterior * patient position: patient's coronal plane is parallel to bucky * w/ midsagittal plane aligned w/vertical midline of the bucky

Question 32

anteroposterior cervical view (cont'd #1)

Answer 32

**anteroposterior cervical view (cont'd #1)** * tube tilt: 15 degrees cephalad * demonstrates: – joints of luschka – bony structures – soft tissue (trachea in the midline) – air space (apex of the lung)

Question 33

anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM)

Answer 33

**anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM)** CR: anterior to posterior patient position: * patient's coronal plane is parallel to bucky * patient's midsagittal plane aligned w/ vertical midline of bucky * patient's mouth: open * head: extended 15 degrees (w/ CR paralle to floor) * hard palate: parallel to floor (w/ cephalic 15 degrees)

Question 34

anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM) (cont'd #1)

Answer 34

**anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM) (cont'd #1)** demontrates: – atlas – axis – joint spaces

Question 35

anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM) (cont'd #2)

Answer 35

**anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM) (cont'd #2)** tube tilt: parallel to floor if head is extended 15 degrees • cephalic if head is parallel to floor demonstrates: – atlas – axis – atlanto-occipital joint – atlanto-axial joint

Question 36

flexion and extension views

Answer 36

**flexion and extension views** CR: L to R or R to L patient position: patient's coronal plane is perpendicular to bucky w/ full flexion or full extension of head tube tilt: none demonstrates: – ADI (should not deviate more than 1 mm from neutral lateral view) – cervical curve – mobility of cervical spine

Question 37

cervical obliques

Answer 37

**cervical obliques** CR: anterior to posterior for posterior obliques CR: posterior to anterior for anterior obliques patient position: the patient's coronal plane is angled 45 degrees to the bucky tube tilt: cephalad for posterior caudal for anterior demonstrates: IVF's

Question 38

THORACIC VIEWS

Answer 38

THORACIC VIEWS

Question 39

anteroposterior thoracic

Answer 39

**anteroposterior thoracic** CR: anterior to posterior patient position: patient is upright w/ coronal plane parallel to bucky (patient will be x-rayed supine if they are extremely obese) tube tilt: none demonstrates: – thoracic spine – ribs – lung fields – sternum