1
Q
what are the two things that make up Ludi
A
pubic games (circus) and theatrical shows
2
Q
who was responsible for ludi
A
aediles
3
Q
ludi scaenici
A
dramatic performances - comedies, tragedies, farce, mime, pantomime
4
Q
ludi circenses
A
chariot races
5
Q
what was teh first permanent theatre to accommodate ludi scaenici
A
theatre of Pompey
6
Q
how were theatres made before the theatre of Pompey
A
wooden stuctures built in spaces associated with the deity that were taken down after the celebration
7
Q
what were Ludi put on for
A
religious holidays
8
Q
mime
A
comic situations drawn from ordinary life
9
Q
pantomime
A
form of dance - drawn from mythical topics - solo dancer
10
Q
what athletic performances were popular amoungst the romans
A
boxing and chariot racing (NOT gymnastics)
11
Q
what was the largest and oldest entertainment centre
A
circus maximus
12
Q
what did chariot racing do to poor people
A
winning performers and charioteers - with low status - could become popular or wealthy
13
Q
how were chariot teams divided
A
by colour
14
Q
Munera
A
originally private productions - ofter gladiatorial contest associated with funerary commemorations
15
Q
what was built under augustus
A
the first amphitheatre
16
Q
what was built under the Flavians
A
the colosseum
17
Q
Ludus Magnus.
A
gladiatorial school
18
Q
what did munus entail
A
venationes (hunts and display of wild beasts), execution of criminals and gladiatorial combat
19
Q
venationes
A
acquiring wild animals that were matched against each other or by hunters
20
Q
what did ventationes stand for
A
civilization against nature
21
Q
executions
A
convicts sometimes made to dress like mythological figures or devoured by wild beasts
22
Q
who made up the bulk of gladiators
A
slaves who were sold into the service of a lanista
23
Q
lanista
A
the owner of a familia gladiatoria
24
Q
how did the gladiators train
A
gladiatorial school under a professional weapon instructor
25
why was entertainment spectacles important
they had religious significance - politicians were seeking the peoples approval
26
what did entertainment do generally
reinforced the established order and roman values (seating arranged in social class) one of the most important ways in which roman people gathered
27
medeterainian triad
grains, olives, grapes
28
husbandry
livestock
29
what did trade depend on
development of infrastructure - roads, ports, harbours
30
luxury items and what did they have
pepper, silk, perfume, ivory, precious stones - higher taxation
31
Was the Roman economy monetized?
yes
32
Why did demand for coinage increase in the 1st century BCE?
Political instability made portable wealth (coins) more desirable
33
What caused debt crises in the late Republic?
Economic instability, land confiscations, and civil wars.
34
What role did taxation play in the Roman economy?
It funded state expenses like the military, administration, and public works.
35
Palmyra
oasis at teh intersctions of several routes, commercial mediation
36
How did elites manage financial risk?
By diversifying land across different regions and crops.
37
How did war affect Rome’s finances?
Brought wealth (booty, taxes, slaves)
Also caused debt and instability
38
What was the main feature of the Roman economy?
agriculture
39
Why is the Roman economy historically unique?
It unified the Mediterranean under one economic system.
40
What were the three stages of Roman economic development?
Expansion (Republic)
Consolidation (Early Empire)
Late Empire
41
were there technical manuals
yes but we have almost no evidence for them
42
techne
skill or craft
43
artifex
professional work man/ artisan
44
faber
wood, stone or metal worker
45
ingenium
skill, cleverness, tallent
46
ingeniosus
superior in mind, full of intellect
47
architectus
architect or engineer
48
machina
machine
49
what authors material has survived about engineering
Vitruvius, heron of Alexandria, Pliny the Elder, Frontinus
50
Vitruvius
layout of public and residential buildings, floor and wall construction, water supply systems, machines
51
heron of Alexandria
ath, physics, mechanics - gadgets (automata)
52
Pliny the elder
books on natural history
53
frontinus
three times consul - head officer of urban waterworks - aqueducts
54
roads
well laid out, important for trade
55
what was the first road
via Appia between Rome and Capua - then extended to brundisium
56
what was the take on construction of roads
it differed across the empire due to the different climates and materials avaliable
57
via strata
major roads being paved with polugonal slabs on layers of sand gravel (course and fine) curved surface to allow for water run off
58
bridges
could be temporary wooden structures or permanent stone/concrete
59
advantages of boats staying in sight of land
easy access to more provisions and have access to shelter food and water
60
disadvantages of boats staying in sight of land
proximity to rocks and cliffs, pirates
61
opus cementicium
core of mortar mixed with small stones
62
opus incertum
irregular shaped stone block facing
63
opus reticulatum
during late republic - diagonal net covering
64
opus testaceum
early empire - best quality and durability - fired bricks like a brick wall
65
what buildings were cooly designed due to concrete
domus aurea, pantheon, porticus Aemilia
66
what was one of the best qualities of roman concrete
harden underwater
67
special ingredient
pozzolana
68
what did aquaducts utilize
gravity
69
what did aquaducts bring water
public fountains, wealthy private households, bathhouses
70
thermae
bathhouse
71
first aquaduct
aqua Appia
72
opus signinum
crushed ciramics that lined water channels
73
true or false A tiro was a gladiator under the age of 25.
false
74
Superstar pantomime soloists were called:
histriones
75
The Circus Maximus was the site of what favorite form of Roman entertainment?
Chariot racing
76
The Colosseum was the third-largest amphitheatre in the Roman Empire. T or F
False
77
The venationes consisted of:
Hunts of wild animals
78
Pantomime typically treated topics drawn from:
myth
79
The emperors usually watched chariot races from their own ceremonial chariot. T or F
F
80
A subterranean passageway connected the Colosseum to:
the Ludus Magnus
81
t ro F The fan clubs for the four Roman chariot-racing teams sometimes had political affiliations.
T
82
Often, people who were fed to beasts in the arena did not undergo a proper trial. T or F
F
83
For the Romans, athletes were simply performers and thus not worth much consideration. T or F
T
84
Early munera usually took place
In the Forum
85
Archaeology has provided a wealth of evidence for small, localized forms of entertainment like street performances. T or F
False
86
Like in old Greek drama, women at Rome were not allowed to perform on stage. T or F
F
87
Before the construction of permanent theatres, the ludi scaenici were staged in:
wooden structures erected ad hoc
88
Tragedy belonged to what type of entertainment?
Ludi scaenici
89
Gladiatorial contests originated in Greece, and were yet another Roman borrowing from Greek culture. T or F
T
90
What form of drama was the most popular by the beginning of the Principate?
mime
91
The status of eiselastikos identified games whose winners:
were eligible for maintenance grants
92
Ceramic vessels for transportation found in the archaeological record usually did contain what types of commodities
olive oil, garam, wine
93
By the early imperial age, the value of real estate in Italy had increased as a consequence of higher demand for land. T or F
T
94
By the early imperial age, the value of real estate in Italy had increased as a consequence of higher demand for land.
Local upper classes
95
Why was the use of tenants advantageous for landholders?
It reduced their risks while guarantying some revenue
96
vectigalia
tax on slaves at auction, inheritance tax, portorium
97
The tributum soli could be represented by a________on the harvest.
tithe
98
Broadly speaking, it is possible to trace four stages of development of Roman economy from the mid-Republic to the Late Empire. T or F
F
99
The complex of personal assets of a slave was called:
Peculium
100
Influx of money from the provinces and war indemnities paid to Rome were mostly used for senators' private building projects. T or F
F
101
Up to the late Republic, they were responsible for farming taxes in the provinces:
Publicani
102
The Roman economy was a uniform system managed by the imperial administration. T or F
F
103
In the imperial period, direct taxes in the provinces were collected by civic authorities. T or F
T
104
The wars waged in the 3rd century BCE had left Rome's treasury empty. T or F
F
105
Cicero defined them as "the sinews of the Republic":
Taxes
106
By the imperial age, pottery was produced on such a large scale that some workshops could accommodate tens of thousands of pieces. T or F
T
107
The trade of textiles have left little or no evidence in the literary sources but can be reconstructed from archeological evidence. T or F
F
108
__________and land confiscations during the civil wars of the 1st century BCE caused insecurity about land tenure.
Proscriptions
109
Which of the following was most responsible for the need for an effective monetary system at Rome?
warfare
110
According to Finley's school of thought, Roman economy was based on:
Subsistence agriculture
111
sem 1
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