MIDTERM

Question 1

Four type of glands?

Answer 1

Sudoriferous- Sweat gland

Sebaceous - Oil

Ceruminous- Wax

Mammary- milk gland

Question 2

Epidermis …
is what type of tissue?
And how long it renews?
avasular/vasucular?

Answer 2

Keratin stratified epithelium
renews 25-45 days
avascular

Question 3

Dermis…
what type?
It has 3 items….?

Answer 3

collagen and elastic fibers

fair follicles, L.arrector pili and sebaceous glands

Question 4

Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)

• what type?
• includes?
• what storage?
• what extend through this?

Answer 4

• loose CT and fat
• sweat glands, blood, lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves
• fat storage
• L. retinacula cuta extend through this layer. Attach deep surface of dermis to the deep fascia.

Question 5

Deep Fascia

• What kind of CT?
• Forms what 2?
• Extensions from? 3 things

Answer 5

Dense, organized CT

NO fat

Forms retincula

Forms Bursae

Extensions from internal surface: Investing fascia, Intermuscular septa, and subserous fasica.

Question 6

Burns- what is important?

Answer 6

Number of body percentage affected

Question 7

Fibrous Joints

- List two and give example

Answer 7

• Syndesmosis, ex: Suture, Interosseous membrane

- Gomphosis- stablizes a tooth

Question 8

• ** CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

- Give two and example

Answer 8

• Synchondrosis - primary ; ex: epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
• Symphysis- Secondary: ex: pubic symphysis or IV disc (fibrocartilage)

Question 9

• ** SYNOVIAL JOINTS

- Give example to all 6 of the items

Answer 9

• Hinge Joint- Uniaxial; humeral-ulner joint
• Pivot Joint- Uniaxial; Atlanto-axial joint
• Saddle Joint- Biaxial: 1st carpal - metacarpal joint
• Condyloid Joint- Biaxial; Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint
• Plane Joint- Acromio-clavicular joint
• Ball and Socket- Gleno-humeral joint

Question 10

Skeletal MUSCULAR Classification:

- List 5 of them and give example for each

Answer 10

• Pennate- feather like: flexor pllis longus, rectus femoris, and deltoid
• fusiform, spindle shaped: biceps branchii
• parallel- Ex: sortarius
• convergent- pectoralis major
• circular- orbicularis oris

-

Question 11

Contractions:

Origin/insertion

Reflexive?

tonic?

Phasic? :

• — Isometric
• — Isotonic : has two items listed.

Answer 11

• proximal end (fixed) , distal end (movable)
• involuntary , diaphragm
• Slight contraction, muscle tone
• Isometic- no change in length
• Isotonic- Change in length, movement
  - Concentric : shortening of muscle
  - - Eccentric: Lengthening of muslce

Question 12

What duck Drains lymph from the body’s upper RIGHT quadrant and it ends in ____ venous angle.

Answer 12

Right lymphatic duct, right venous angle

Question 13

** Thoracic Duct drains lymph from _____?

• Ends in ?

Answer 13

the rest of the body

- Ends in Left Venous Angle.

Question 14

CNS consist?

PNS consist?

Answer 14

• Brain and Spinal Cord

- 12 pairs CN and 31 pairs of Spinal nerves

Question 15

Dura Matter?
Arachnoid matter?
pia matter?

CSF is located between?

Answer 15

Outermost, thick

middle

innermost layer, thin

Between Pia and Arachnoid

Question 16

PNS-

what cells surround axon?

Answer 16

Schwann celss

Question 17

Epineurium

Perineurium

Endoneurium

Answer 17

Thick, outermost surround a bundle of fasicles, includes fatty tissues, blood vessles, and lymphatics.

CT that encloses fasicle; barrier against foreign substances.

Surrounds neurolemma cells and axons

Question 18

____ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS. It has motor and sensory

Answer 18

Ganglion

Question 19

Under Somatic NErvous System

• Give example of somatic sensory:

Answer 19

Touch, pain, temperature and position

Question 20

Under Autonomic Nervous System

**— What fibers give blood pressure and chemistry via heart and respirator rates ? It is inforamtion about body’s internal environment, pain

Answer 20

• Visceral AFFERENT fibers (sensory)

Question 21

Visceral EFFERENT fibers innervate?

Answer 21

smooth muscle/ non-skeletal

Question 22

Sympathetic Division

thoracolumber or craniosacral?

catabolic/anabolic?

Answer 22

Thoracolumbar

Catabolic- fight or flight

Question 23

AUtonomic nerve conduction

____ neuron has its axon synapse on the cell body of the _____ neuron in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS. Cell bodies of these postsynaptic neurons terminate on the _____ ____.

Answer 23

presynaptic/ preganglionic ; postganglionic neuron ; effector organ.

Question 24

What root is Afferent fibers to sensory organs?

What spinal root is EFFERENT fibers from anterior horn to effector organs?

Answer 24

Posterior/dorsal root.

Anterior ventral root.

Question 25

*** General Somatic AFFERENTS- is sensation from body to CNS. Give example: dermatone/ myotome?

Answer 25

Exteroceptic- pain, temp, touch, pressure and Proprioceptive- from muscles, tendons, and joints. - dermatome: skin innervated by general sensory afferents

Question 26

Under Visceral Fibers: Transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs, glands and blood vessels to the CNS

Answer 26

General Visceral AFFerent

Question 27

Under Visceral Fibers: Transmit impulses to involuntary muscles and glandular tissues

Answer 27

General Visceral EFFerent

Question 28

Sympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation: Presynaptic- Cell bodies in the what columns? It is gray matter lateral horns between ____ and ____ , ____

Answer 28

IML (T1 and L2, L3 )

Question 29

Sympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation: Under Postsynaptic: Paravertebral ganglia is left and right ____ chains? ____ ganglia surround origins of the main branches of abdominal aorta

Answer 29

Sympathetic chains prevertebral ganglia

Question 30

Parasympathetic Visceral MOtor Innervation: In brainstem gray matter fibers exit within CN ___, ___, ___, ___ . AKA _____ outflow? Also what nerve involve? In sacral gray matter fibers exit through anterior roots of ____ nerves and ______ _____ nerves. AKA as _____ outflow?

Answer 30

3, 7, 9, 10 = Cranial Parasympathetic outflow; vaugs nerve spinal nerves S2-S4; and pelvic splanchnic nerves= sacral parasympathetic outflow.

Question 31

CURVATURES: *** Kyphoses- primary/secondary curvature? concave Anteriorioly/posteriorly? what two area?

Answer 31

Primary curvatures Anteriorly THORACIC and SACRAL KYPHOSES

Question 32

From erosion of anterior part of 1 or more vertebra is what abnormal curvature?

Answer 32

Excess thoracic Kyphosis aka humpback

Question 33

***Anterior rotation of the pelvis and associated with weakened trunk muscles is what abnormal curvature?

Answer 33

Excess lumbar LORDOSIS aka Hollow back

Question 34

Abnormal lateral curvature with vertical rotation is what? Also causes by aymmetric, hemivertebra, and limbs difference

Answer 34

Scoliosis aka Crooked/curved back

Question 35

*** Cervical Vertebra - Which one has no spinous process or body? - Has small ____ foramen? - strongest/weakest vertebra? , which one? - vertebral foramen is smallest/largest? - what vertebral foramen shape?

Answer 35

``` C1 transverse strongest C2 largest vertebral foramen triangular ```

Question 36

Thoracic Vertebra - what body shape? - what vertebral foramen shape? - smallest/largest vertebral foramen?

Answer 36

heart circular smallest

Question 37

**** Which vertebra has triangular vertebral foramen, kidney shaped, mamillary process (only one), and short spinous process, hatchet shaped

Answer 37

LUMbar vertebrae

Question 38

Sacral hiatus from absence of ____ and ____of S4, S5 Sacral ___ inferior articular processes of S5

Answer 38

laminea and spinous process sacral cornua.

Question 39

Central core of IV disc. Reason for decrease in height in older people, and 88% water at birth

Answer 39

Nucleus Pulposus

Question 40

No IV disc between C1 and C2. Iv disc thickest in ____ and thinnest in superior ___ ?

Answer 40

lumbar, thoracic.

Question 41

____ Longitudinal ligament from pelvic surface of sacrum to anterior tubercle of atlas and occipital bone anterior to formen magum? Also limits ___ of vertebral comumn

Answer 41

Anterior | Extension

Question 42

____ longitudinal ligament attached to posterior IV discs. Prevents ______ and posterior herniation of IV discs. Many pain nerve endings.

Answer 42

Posterior | Hyperflexion

Question 43

What ACCESSORY ligaments adjoin laminae of adjacent vertebral arches? Prevent abrupt ____ of vertebral column

Answer 43

Ligamenta flavum, | flexion

Question 44

Under Accessory Ligaments - weakly adjoin spinous processes? - strongly adjoin spinous process? that merges with nuchal ligament. - Nuchal ligament from _____ and posterior border of foramen magnum to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae. site of muslce attachment. - Connect adjacent transcerse procesess?

Answer 44

- interspinous ligaments - supraspinous ligaments - EOP - intertransverse ligaments

Question 45

Atlanto- Occipital Joints : - between ____ and _____ - flexion/extension? of the head . - show as what movement? - Movement limited by ____ and ____ atlanto occipital membranes Atlantoaxial Joints: Right and Left lateral atlantoaxialjoints: between ___ and ____. Median atlantoaxial Joints: between ____ and anterior arch and transverse ligament of C1 Rotation of head?

Answer 45

lateral masses of atlas and the occipital condyles Flexion Yes movement. Movement limited by anterior and posterior atlanto occipital membranes ---- lateral masses of C1 and superior facets of C2 dens No movement. Cranium and C1 rotate on C2.

Question 46

LIGAMENTS OF ATLANTOAXIAL JOINTS- What ligament is between tubercles on the medial aspects of the lateral masses of C1? What band is from transverse ligament to the occipital bone superiorly and to the body of C2 inferiorly? Both of these form what ligament? ---- - From sides of dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum is what ligaments? - What membrane is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament through the foramen magnum? Covers the alar and transverse ligaments.

Answer 46

transverse ligament longitudinal bands cruciate ligament ---- - Alar ligaments - tectorial membrane

Question 47

*** Spinal cord begins as a continuation of the ____ ends between ____ and ____ meduallary cone between: T____ and L____ Cervical Enlargements: C___ through T____ Lumbosacral Enlargement: L____ through S____. Cauda equina arises from this enlargement and medullary cone.

Answer 47

medulla oblongata, L1 and L2 T12- L3 C4- T1 L1- S3

Question 48

Structure of Spinal Nerves: Posterior roots: Afferent fibers from skin, viscera. Cell bodies in ___ Anterior roots: Efferent fibers to skeletal muscle. Cell bodies in ____ horns of ____ matter

Answer 48

spinal ganglia anterior horns of gray matter

Question 49

Lumbar Spinal Tap: obtain a sample of CSF needle inserted into ____ space. In midline between the spinous processes of ___ and ___ (little danger )

Answer 49

subarachnoid space L3, L4

Question 50

Three Longitudinal Arteries- superior cord What artery from union of vertebral arteries? (think of Cricle of willis drawing) What arteries branches of vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

Answer 50

- anterior spinal artery | - two posterior spinal arteries

Question 51

Olfactory CN1: damage? exit?

Answer 51

anosmia, cant smell | cririform foramen

Question 52

optic cn2; damage? exit?

Answer 52

anopsia, visual deficits, loss of light relfex. | Optic Canal

Question 53

``` Occulomotor CN3; function? damage? exit? innvervate? ```

Answer 53

adducts lateral strabismus SOF S/I/M rectus , IO, Levator palpebrae superioris

Question 54

``` Trochlear CN4; function? give 2 damage? Exit? Innervate? ```

Answer 54

adduct, and intorsion diplopia, double vision SOF SO muscle

Question 55

Trigmenal CN V V1- V2- V3- V2; function? exit? V3; function? innervation

Answer 55

opththalmic maxillary mandibular maxillary- sensation to MIDDLE of face: upper lip, maxillary teeth. Foramen rotundum v3 mandibular= mastication, exit foramen ovale , sensation to lower lip. and TMJ

Question 56

``` Abducens CN 6; function? damage? exit? innvervate? ```

Answer 56

aBduct eye medial strabismus SOF Lateral rectus

Question 57

``` Facial Nerve 7; function? damage? 3 Exit? Innervation? ```

Answer 57

taste of anterior 2/3 tongue decrease in saliva/ tear production, and loss of taste 2/3, dropping ipsilateral side of face internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen glands of head except parotid glad.

Question 58

vestibulocochlear 8, function? damage? 2 exit?

Answer 58

hearing, balance vertigo and nystagmus (dancing eyes) IAM

Question 59

``` Glossopharyngeal 9 funtion damage 2 exit innervation ```

Answer 59

taste to posterior 1/3 of tounge decrease saliva, trouble articulating JF parotid gland

Question 60

vagus cn 10 funtion? 4 damage? 3 exit?

Answer 60

taste of epiglottic region, pharynx, muscle of larynx, abdominal viscera trouble with respiratory, dysphagia(difficulty swallowing), palate droop JF

Question 61

Spinal Accessory 11 function? innervate?

Answer 61

neck and shoulder, trap, and SCM

Question 62

hypoglossal 12 function damage exit innervate

Answer 62

tounge movement deviation of tongue upon protrusion hypoglossal canal innervate all intrinsic tongue except palatoglossus muscle/ Extrinsic- position of tounge