Midterm

Question 1

The different theoretical approaches to psychotherapy

Answer 1

• Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies
• Behavior therapy
• Cognitive Therapy
• Humanistic Therapy
• Integrative or holistic therapy

Question 2

Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies

Answer 2

focuses on changing problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by discovering their unconscious meanings and motivations. Psychoanalytically oriented therapies are characterized by a close working partnership between therapist and patient.

Question 3

Behavior Therapy

Answer 3

Focuses on learning’s role in developing both normal and abnormal behaviors

Question 4

Behavior Therapy: classical conditioning

Answer 4

associative learning ex: pavlov’s dogs

Question 5

Behavior Therapy: Desensitizing

Answer 5

classical conditing in action. A therapist might help a client with a phobia through repeated exposure to whatever it is that causes anxiety

Question 6

Behavior Therapy: Operant conditioning

Answer 6

relies on rewards and punishments to shape people’s behavior

Question 7

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 7

Cognitive therapists believe that it’s dysfunctional thinking that leads to dysfunctional emotions or behaviors. By changing their thoughts, people can change how they feel and what they do

Question 8

Humanistic Therapy

Answer 8

This approach emphasize people’s capacity to make rational choices and develop to their maximum potential. Concern and respect for others are also important themes

Question 9

Humanistic Therapy: Client- Centered therapy

Answer 9

rejects the idea of therapists as authorities on their clients’ inner experiences. Instead, therapists help clients change by emphasizing their concern, care and interest

Question 10

Humanistic Therapy: Gestalt therapy

Answer 10

emphasizes what is calls “organismic holism” the importance of being aware of here and now and accepting responsibility for yourself

Question 11

Humanistic Therapy: Existential therapy

Answer 11

Focuses on free will, self-determination and the search for meaning

Question 12

Integrative or holistic therapy

Answer 12

many therapists don’t tie themselves to any one approach. Instead, they blend the elements from different approaches and tailor their treatment according to each client’s needs

Question 13

Vail Model

Answer 13

• 1973
• Recommended an alternate model of training: more on clinical service delivery
• Understanding/ application of research emphasized, rather than independent design/production of research
• Psy.d D degree
• Liscensure equal to PH.d

Question 14

Boulder Model

Answer 14

• clinical psychology training conference
• held in Boulder in 1949
• Scientist practitioner model: clinical psychologists should be proficient in research and professional practice, earn a PH.d and complete a supervised year long internship

Question 15

Clinical Psychologist: description

Answer 15

“Clinical Psychology involves research, teachng and services relevant to the applications of principles, methods, and procedures for understanding, predicting, and alleviating intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological , social and behavioral maladjustment, disability and discomfort, applied to a wide range of client populations”

Question 16

clinical psychologist: requirements

Answer 16

• education: Ph.d or Psy.d
• Experience
• Testing of competence
• Good character (letters of rec)
• Adherence to ethical principles and standards of conduct
• State by state licensure

Question 17

clinical psychology: Activities

Answer 17

• assessment
• treatment
• research/writing
• teaching
• consultation
• administration

Question 18

Counseling Psychologist

Answer 18

• Much overlap, but created to “promote personal, educational, vocational, and group and adjustment” lie career counseling developmental transitions
• can get a master’s Ph.d, Psy. D or Ed.d

Question 19

Social Worker

Answer 19

• Psychotherapy but also administration and community based interventions. Focus is less on individuals and mroe on how social/ family/ situational and relationship issues can lead to distress and can lead to change
• MSW and DSW

Question 20

Psychiatrist

Answer 20

• M.D. some experience delivering psychotherapy, but more recently an emphasis on pharmacotherapy
• Often collaborate with psychologists in delivering comprehensive treatment

Question 21

School Psychologists

Answer 21

• Focus on intervention with children, adolescents, families i school and educational settings
• Assessments, interventions, collaboration with other professionals and whole-school interventions (like bully-proofing programs)
• Ph.D, Ed.d, Ed.S

Question 22

Marriage and Family Therapist

Answer 22

• MFT degree

- Training emphasizies couple, family interventions as a way to treat distress and impairment

Question 23

APA ethical Principles

Answer 23

• Beneficence and Nonmalefiecence
• Fidelity and Responsibility
• Integrity
• Justice

Question 24

Beneficence and Nonmalfiecence

Answer 24

we benefit those we serve and do not harm

Question 25

Fidelity and responsibility

Answer 25

we are responsible to society and need to extablish relationships characterized by trust

Question 26

Integrity

Answer 26

we strive to be accurate honest and truth

Question 27

Justice

Answer 27

all are entitled to access physchological services; we should recognize our biases and boundaries of competence

Question 28

Respect for People's Right and Dignity

Answer 28

we safeguard these rights

Question 29

Standards of ethical conduct

Answer 29

- Resolving eithical issues - competence - human relations - privacy and confidentiality - advertising and other public statements - record keeping and fees - education and training - research and publication - assessment - therapy

Question 30

What are the steps to making ethical decisions in clinical practice?

Answer 30

- 3.04 Avoiding Harm Psychologists take resonable steps to avoid harming their clients/ patients students, supervises, research participants, organizational clients, and others with whom they work, and to minimize harm where it forseable and unavoidable Psychologists do not participate in, facilitate, assist, or otherwise engage in torture, defined as any act by which severe pain or suffering with physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person, or in any other cruel, inhuman or degrading behavior that violates 3.04

Question 31

Health Disparity

Answer 31

- A particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic and/or environmental disadvantage - influenced by characteristics historically linked to discrimination - - race or ethnic group - - religion - - socioeconomic status - - gender - - age - - mental health - - cognitive, sensory, or physical disability - - sexual orientation or gender identity - - geographic location

Question 32

Health Equity

Answer 32

“Attainment of the highest level of health for all people. Achieving health equity requires valuing everyone equally with focused and ongoing societal efforts to address avoidable inequalities, historical and contemporary injustices, and the elimination of health and health care disparities

Question 33

What are the guidelines, generally, from APA around cultural competency? Guideline 1:

Answer 33

- Guideline 1: psychologists are encouraged to recognzie that, as cultural being they may hold attitudes and beliefs that can detrimentally influence their percpetions of ad interacts with idnivduals who are ethnically and racially different from themselves

Question 34

What are the guidelines, generally, from APA around cultural competency? Guideline 2:

Answer 34

Psychologists are encouraged to recognize the imprtance of multicultural sensitivity/ responsiveness to, knowledge of, and understanding about ethnically and racially different individuals

Question 35

What are the guidelines, generally, from APA around cultural competency? Guideline 3

Answer 35

As educators, psychologists are encouraged to employ the constructs of multiculturalism and diversity in psychologgical education

Question 36

What are the guidelines, generally, from APA around cultural competency? Guideline 4

Answer 36

Culturally sensitive psychological researchers are encouraged to recognize the importance of conducting culture-centered and ethical psychological research among persons from ethnic, linguistic and racial minority backgrounds

Question 37

What are the guidelines, generally, from APA around cultural competency? Guideline 5

Answer 37

Psychologists are encouraged to apply culturally appropriate skills in clinical and other applied pscyhological practices

Question 38

What are the guidelines, generally, from APA around cultural competency? Guideline 6

Answer 38

Psychologists are encouraged to use organizational change processes to support culturally informed organizational (policy) development and practices.

Question 39

What are the components of culture

Answer 39

- Ethnicity - Gender - SES - Sexual orientation - Geographic location - disability/ability status - Political affiliation - Religion/ Spirituality - Age - Level of education - Professional affiliation - Family structure

Question 40

How does awareness of your own biases (immplicit and explicit) relate to cultural competency, as well as ethical principles in clinical psychology?

Answer 40

- Bias is a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others, which often results in treating some people unfairly. - Explicit bias refers to attitudes and beliefs (positive or negative) that we consciously or deliberately hold and express about a person or group. Explicit and implicit biases can sometimes contradict each other. - Implicit bias includes attitudes and beliefs (positive or negative) about other people, ideas, issues, or institutions that occur outside of our conscious awareness and control, which affect our opinions and behavior. Everyone has implicit biases—even people who try to remain objective (e.g., judges and journalists)—that they have developed over a lifetime. However, people can work to combat and change these biases.

Question 41

How can clinicians be culturally proactive?

Answer 41

- Develop an identity as a culturally proactice psychologist - frame your work around a commitment to questioning inequalities - anticipate clinets' needs within your settings and adjust your practice to their interests, developing identities, and cultural expertise - articulate your own cultural positionality and reflect on the ways it shapes your work Use the cultural and linguistic backgrounds of your clients as resources for their learning - teach skills that will help your clients understand, critique, and contest systemic inequities and take social action to change them

Question 42

What are some of the ethical consideration in conducting assessments?

Answer 42

- Psychologists administer, adapt, score, interpret or use assessment techniques, interviews, tests, or instruments in a manner and for purposes that are appropriate in light of the research on or evidence of the usefulness and proper application of the techniques. - Psychologists use assessment instruments whose validity and relibility have been established for use with members of the population tested. When such validity or reliability has not been established for use with memebers of the population tested. When such validity or reliability has not been established**

Question 43

What are some of the errors in clinical judgement and decision making that might affect the accuracy of your assessment

Answer 43

- recency effects - illusory correlations - confirmation biases - -- propensity to seek out information that reinforces a predisposition, existing belief or attitude - -- propensity to dismiss, deny or distort evidence that contradicts a predispostion existing belief or attitude - inadequate feedback about failures - personal and cultural biases

Question 44

Naive Realism

Answer 44

- Posits that raw sensory observations comprise a sufficient basis for drawing valid scientific inferences and that such observatons are unbiased - - "i saw it with my own eyes" - - "I'll believe it when i see it"

Question 45

Systematic empiricism

Answer 45

Posits that although raw sensory observations are essential sources of initial information, they are subject of a plethora of porential biases and other errors in inference

Question 46

Anecdotal evidence

Answer 46

- testimony that something is true, false, related, or unrelated based on isolated examples of someone's personal experience - - "What worked for me" - - it didn't help me

Question 47

Scientific Evidence

Answer 47

- Proof based on findings from systematic observation, measurement and experimentation

Question 48

Shakow report

Answer 48

Year One: Establish a strong foundation in psychology and other applied sciences Year Two: learn therapeutic principles and practices needed to treat patients Year Three: Internship gain supervised field experience Year 4: Complete research dissertation

Question 49

What is the APA Diviison 12 Task force?

Answer 49

Criticisms: - too focused on brief treatments - too focused on manualized treatments (often cognitive behavioral treatments) - too focused on specific vs. common factors - questions about applicability to a diverse range of patients Praise - Integrated training in empirically supported treatments in graduate programs - stimuated enthusiasm about empricaly supported treatments and psychotherapy research