Communication (definition)
A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior
TB—The process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction
Characteristic of communication
Communication is…
- A process
- Relational, not individual
- Symbolic
Communication models
Linear and transactional model
Transactional model
-Sending and receiving messages simultaneously
TB:
- Most types of personal comm are 2-way exchanges
- The roles of sender + receiver that are present in linear models just become “communicators”
- Receive feedback
Linear Model
- Sender creates a message
- Sender encodes a message
- Sender sends a message
- Sender receives a message
- Receiver decodes the message
Communication Bias
Speech or writing that attempts to include people of all identified by communicating in a way that makes no assumptions about the receiver of the communication
Types of communication
- Intrapersonal: Communicating with yourself
- Dyadic/Interpersonal: Communication between two people
- *Where they diverge—Not all two-person interactions can be considered interpersonal**
- Small Group: All members contribute to the communication
- Organizational Communication: Communication that occurs among a structured collection of people in order to meet a need or pursue a goal.
- Public: Information giving. Audience can’t response, which means that there’s limited verbal feedback.
- Mass: to large groups via electronic or print media
Empathy
- The ability to project oneself onto another person’s point of view, so as to experience the other’s thoughts and experiences
- Empathy is an important skill for functional communication because it helps us understand others and know how to beat influence them.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
-A prediction or expectation of an event that makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been the case.
Communication Competence
Achieving one’s goals in a manner that maintains or enhances the relationship in which it occurs
Phonological Rules
Linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words
Syntactic Rules
Rules that govern the ways in which symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols
Semantic Rules
Rules that govern the meanings of language as opposed to its structure
Pragmatic Rules
Rules that govern how people use language in everyday interaction
Evasive Language: equivocation and euphemisms
Language people use to avoid communicating clearly
Equivocation—A deliberately vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way
Euphemisms—A mild indirect term or expression uses in place of a more direct but less pleasant one.
Perception Checking
3-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretations
- A description of the behavior you noticed
- At least 2 possible interpretations of this behavior
- A request for clarification about how to interpret the behavior
Task Oriented Listening
A listening style that’s primarily associated with accomplishing the task at hand.
Relational Listening
A listening style driven primarily by the concern to build emotional closeness with the speaker
Analytical Listening
Listening in which the primary goal is to fully understand the message, prior to any evaluation
Critical Listening
Listening in which he goal is to evaluate the quality or accuracy of he speaker’s remarks
