MIDTERM EXAM

Question 1

what does an attribute table store

Answer 1

data of a spatial feature class

Question 2

what do standalone tables store

Answer 2

tabular data from any source e.x. excel, text files, csv files
–> HIDDEN because without spatial reference

Question 3

XY point data in arcgis what is x what is y

Answer 3

X is longitude
Y is latitude

Question 4

what is boolean operator (with two examples)

Answer 4

logical operator used in the formulation of boolean expression (so 1/2/3/etc= true, 0 = false)
–> AND (specific combo of conditions –> intersect operation)
–> OR (list of alternative conditions)

Question 5

what is not boolean connector

Answer 5

AT LEAST

Question 6

Selection by Location in ArcGIS is designed for

Answer 6

SPATIAL DATA QUERY

Question 7

Selection by Attribute in ArcGIS is designed for

Answer 7

ATTRIBUTE DATA QUERY

Question 8

boolean operator for UNION sets

Answer 8

OR

Question 9

target layer contains…

Answer 9

features to be selected

Question 10

what are rows and what are columns called

Answer 10

rows = records, columns = fields

Question 11

when joining tables, where does additional info go

Answer 11

TARGET table

Question 12

when naming fields in excel for ARCGIS what are the rules

Answer 12

must start with a letter, no spaces or special characters, generally 10 units, ONLY LETTERS NUMBERS AND UNDERSCORES

Question 13

what is a union operator

Answer 13

analysis tool to perform overlay analysis on feature classes

Question 14

why do you need to focus on cardinality in table joins?

Answer 14

because based on direction of join and information, changes whether one-to-one join or many-to-one join or one-to-many join.

Question 15

what is a rule for joining tables

Answer 15

each record in the target table must match one AND ONLY ONE record in the join table (true for one-to-one and many-to-one cardinality but not one-to-many)

Question 16

how to perform joins

Answer 16

fields to join data MUST BE SAME DATA TYPE e.x. text to text, long to long, short to short, or float to float

Question 17

what are short and long data types

Answer 17

integers

Question 18

what are float and double data types

Answer 18

decimal values

Question 18

Summary of cardinality types

Answer 18

One-to-one
* States to Governors.
* Countries to capitals.
One-to-many
* States to cities.
* Districts to schools.
(Target table on the left)
Many to one
* Cities to states.
* Schools to districts.
Many-to-many
* Students to classes.
* Stores to customers.
–> In evaluating cardinality, always put the target table first.

Question 19

what is the art and science of making maps

Answer 19

cartography

Question 20

what is CMYK model used for AND WARNING

Answer 20

PRINTING color maps, not perfect match between screen and paper

Question 21

what shoes larger geographic area? small or large map scale

Answer 21

SMALL MAP SCALE = LARGER GEO AREA

Question 22

on what map scale are cities shown as points

Answer 22

a VERY SMALL map scale

Question 23

what is largest map scale –> 1:5000, 1:12000, 1:1000000, 1:24000

Answer 23

1:5000 is LARGEST

Question 24

how to show geographical representation of orientation of map

Answer 24

NORTH ARROW

Question 25

what is a KEY to various map symbols

Answer 25

LEGEND

Question 26

graphical representation of equivalent distances on a map

Answer 26

scale bar

Question 27

what font is used for CULTURAL data

Answer 27

SANS - SERIF

Question 28

what font is used for PHYSICAL data i.e. rivers

Answer 28

SERIF --> hydrographic features ITALICIZED --> OCEANS AND LAKES ALL CAPITALS

Question 29

what is RATIO data

Answer 29

places values along regular scale WITH ZERO POINT --> e.x. population of state capitals BIG BALLS

Question 30

what is INTERVAL DATA

Answer 30

differences between measurements WITH NO TRUE ZERO e.x. elevation or temperature

Question 31

out of ratio, ordinal, nominal, and interval data, what is QUALITATIVE what is QUANTITATIVE

Answer 31

RATIO AND INTERVAL = QUANTITATIVE ORDINAL AND NOMINAL = QUALITATIVE

Question 32

what is ORDINAL data

Answer 32

ORDERED categories --> rankings, order, scaling --> RANKS along arbitrary scale

Question 33

what is NOMINAL data

Answer 33

NAMES/UNIQUELY identifies objects --> county names

Question 34

DATA TYPE AND MAP TYPE

Answer 34

NOMINAL --> single symbol (graduated color/chloropleth) CATEGORICAL --> unique values (like star for population or highway signs) ORDINAL --> unique values map AND graduated color (NUMERIC/POLYGONS) RATIO/INTERVAL DATA --> Graduated Color = Chloropleth (polygons) --> dot density, graduated symbol (point, lines), chart maps

Question 35

what is JENKS/NATURAL BREAKS

Answer 35

searches for natural gaps in data, identifies class boundaries with large jumps in data to minimize in-class variance

Question 36

what is EQUAL INTERVAL

Answer 36

only with SPECIFIC NUMBER OF CLASSES --> divides into equally spaces classes and WORKS BEST FOR UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED DATA

Question 37

what is QUANTILE classification method

Answer 37

attemps to place EQUAL NUMBER OF FEATURES in each class

Question 38

what is normalizing data/why must you do it

Answer 38

normalizing data converts data into consistent level of representation, applicable to more maps e.x. PERCENT farms per region OR farms per SQUARE MILE/AREA

Question 39

where to use rainbow ramps

Answer 39

NOT with polygons/ RATIO data BETTER for CONTINUOUS RASTERS

Question 40

field naming rules

Answer 40

must start with a letter ONLY LETTER NUMBERS UNDERSCORES no longer than 10 characters

Question 41

table join MAIN RULE

Answer 41

must either be both text, both integers, or both real numbers

Question 42

when did GIS start

Answer 42

operational GIS can be traced back to 1960's

Question 43

what is python

Answer 43

programming language for writing scripts in ARCGIS

Question 44

what does GIS project start with

Answer 44

data aquisition

Question 45

what is QGIS

Answer 45

powerful open-source GIS software program

Question 46

what is vector data

Answer 46

DISCRETE FEATURES; points/lines/vectors

Question 47

what is RASTER model

Answer 47

breaks map areas into small squares known as CELLS OR PIXELS --> single numberic value stored in each cell

Question 48

what is vector model used for

Answer 48

DISCRETE data, exist in one place not the other e.x. ROADS

Question 49

what is raster model used for

Answer 49

CONTINUOUS data, exists all over entire map area e.x. ELEVATION, imagery

Question 50

what are three necessary file types/what they are

Answer 50

.shp --> geometry .shx --> index .dbf --> attributes

Question 51

what is prime meridian

Answer 51

change between east and west longitude

Question 52

what are two coordinate systems

Answer 52

Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) --> unprojected, based on 3D spherical globe coordinates, degrees latitude and longitude Projected Coordinate System (PCS) --> converts spherical coordinates to planar, set of matheatical equations, projects 3D to 2D

Question 53

How is unprojected GCS data saved

Answer 53

as degrees, minutes, and seconds

Question 54

what is GCS used for

Answer 54

data distribution BECAUSE NOT DESIRABLE for maps or analysis because of distortion

Question 56

what is projected coordinate system (PCS) used for?

Answer 56

MAP PROJECTION --> converting from 3D to 2D surfaces --> translation of places to earth's surface to corresponding places on flat surface

Question 57

what is true about maps and distortions

Answer 57

maps can show one or more BUT NEVER ALL of following correctly: - true distances, true directions, true shapes, true area --> BECAUSE LARGER THE AREA MAPPED, GREATER AMOUNT OF DISTORTION

Question 58

what do conformal maps do

Answer 58

preserve local shape

Question 59

what do equivalent maps do

Answer 59

preserve area

Question 60

what is datum/ what are most commonly used in North America

Answer 60

datum is mathematical model of earth that defines size/shape/orientation///way to map out earth --> NAD 1927, NAD 1983, WGS 1984, NAD 1983 HARN

Question 61

what datum is most used for GPS units

Answer 61

default datum is WGS 84

Question 62

latitude and longitude with earth

Answer 62

chicago in +- IF LOOKING AT A MAP straight on with america top left and australia bottom right +- ++ -- -+