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Midterm notes Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is the goal of cellular respiration

A

To convert the chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP

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2
Q

What do we use first for energy

A

Carbohydrates, but any food can be processed/broken down as a source of energy

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3
Q

Chemical equation

A

C6H12O6+6O2–> 6CO2+6H2O+energy (ATP)

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4
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the mitochondria

A

Inner membrane and the matrix

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6
Q

What is the inner membrane

A

folded membranes

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7
Q

what is the matrix

A

Fluid-like substance that fills the space

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8
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The first stage in cellular respiration; the breakdown of glucose

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9
Q

What is the purpose of Glycolysis

A

Split the 6-carbon molecule of glucose in half to form two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate

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10
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

what does glycolysis produce

A

a net of 2 ATP total and 2 NADH

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12
Q

If oxygen is present what two step process will the cell go through

A

Aerobic respiration

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13
Q

If oxygen is not present what process will the cell go through

A

Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

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14
Q

What are the two processes of Aerobic respiration called

A

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
and Electron transport chain

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15
Q

Where does Krebs cycle take place

A

Mitochondria matrix

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16
Q

what is the process of Krebs cycle

A

2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are chemically converted to make 2 ATP (and since NADH and FADH2)

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17
Q

what does the Krebs cycle release as a waste product

A

CO2

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18
Q

Where does electron transport chain take place

A

inner membrane of the mitochondria

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19
Q

what is the process of electron transport chain

A

a series of reactions using the e-and hydrogen formed in the Krebs cycle and makes 34 ATP and H2O

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20
Q

where does most ATP come from

A

Electron transport chain

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21
Q

What are the two main types of fermentation

A

Lactic acid fermentation and Alcohol fermentation

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22
Q

where does lactic acid occur

A

in some bacteria and animal cells

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23
Q

where does alcohol fermentation take place

A

in yeast when oxygen is not available

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24
Q

Total ATP produced in Aerobic respiration

A

36-38 ATP
-2 ATP from glycolysis
-2 ATP from Krebs cycle
-34 ATP from electron transport chain

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25
Total ATP produced during anaerobic respiration
2-4 ATP -2 ATP from glycolysis -2 ATP from fermentation
26
What are macromolecules
Large organic molecules that make up all living things
27
what are Monomers
Small, basic sub-units
28
What is polymers
Larger more complex structures made of monomers
29
What is a carbohydrates main function
Short term energy storage
30
What are some uses of carbohydrates
Structure, transport, and signaling
31
What are carbohydrates found in
sugars and starches
32
What is the main function of lipids/fats
long term storage energy
33
What are the other uses of lipids
Insulation, protection, and structure
34
What are lipids found in
fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids
35
What is the main function of proteins
Proteins don't have a main function because they do so much and run your body
36
What are proteins found in
meats, nuts, and dairy products, but many are made by your body
37
What is the main function of nucleic acids
Informational molecules that store, transmit, and express our genetic information; contain the instructions for making proteins
38
What are nucleic acids found in
DNA and RNA
39
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine Triphosphate
40
What is ATP
An energy carrying molecule that carries/stores energy for cell functions
41
What is the structure of ATP
Nitrogen base (adenine) Sugar ring (ribose) 3 Phosphate groups held together with high energy bonds
42
How many calories do carbohydrates store
4 cal/gram
43
How many calories do lipids/fats store
9 cal/gram
44
how many calories do proteins store
4 cal/gram
45
What is differentiation
A process that creates special structures and functions
46
What are stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells
47
What are the two different types of stem cells
Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells
48
What are embryonic stem cells
cells that have never differentiated and can become any type
49
What are adult stem cells
Cells found in adult bone marrow that are partially differentiated and can only become certain types
50
What is an organism
one individual number of a species
51
what is an organ system
set of organs working together for a common function
52
what is tissue
group of cells working together for a common function
53
what is a cell
most basic unit of life that has all the characteristics of life
54
What is the cell cycle
a repeated pattern of growth, DNA duplication and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells
55
What are the two purposes of the cell cycle
Growth and repair
56
What is the interphase
The growth phase of the cell cycle
57
What is the gap 1 phase
where the cell grows and makes proteins
58
What is the synthesis phase
Where DNA replication occurs, doubling the number of chromosomes
59
What is gap 2 phase
where more cell growth and protein synthesis happens
60
At the end of interphase how many sets of chromosomes does the cell have
2 full sets
61
What is a chromosome
One long continuous thread of DNA that consists of thousands of genes and regulatory information
62
What is a gene
A section of DNA with the instructions for making a protein
63
What is a chromatid
one half of a duplicated chromosome
64
What is a sister chromatid
Two identical chromatids
65
What is a centromere
Region of the condensed chromosomes that looks pinched
66
What is a telomere
ends of the DNA molecule
67
What is cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm into 2 individual cells
68
What is apoptosis
programed cell death
69
What is a tumor
clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably
70
What is benign
Abnormal cells that typically remain clustered together and may be harmless
71
What is malignant
Cancer cells that break away from the tumor and move to other parts of the body
72
What is metastasize
spreading of disease from one organ to others
73
What are the 4 types of consumers
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and detritivores
74
What are herbivores
eat only vegetation
75
what are carnivores
eat only meat
76
what are omnivores
eat meat and vegetation
77
what are detrivores
eat dead plant materials
78
What are trophic pyramids
models that show how energy plows through an ecosystem
79
what is an energy pyramid
Represent the energy available at each trophic level; levels always get smaller as you go up the pyramid (remember rule of 10)
80
What is a number pyramid
represents the number of organisms at each trophic level; since energy decreases as you go up the pyramid, fewer organisms can be supported
81
What is a biomass pyramid
represents the total mass of living organic matter at each trophic level
82
What is matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space composed of atoms
83
what is an atom
the smallest part of an element that still has the properties of that element
84
What are the 6 elements necessary for life
C, H, O, N, P, S
85
What is a cell
most basic unit of life
86
What is polar molecule
unequal distribution of charges
87
What is a Nonpolar molecule
no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed
88
What is cohesion
the attraction between molecules of the same substance
89
What is adhesion
the type of attraction that happens between two different molecules
90
What is solution
uniform mixture of two or more substances
91
What is solute
what gets dissolved
92
what is solvent
does the dissolving
93
what is hydrophilic
has an affinity for water
94
what is Hydrophobic
does not have an affinity for water
95
What is the independent variable
the cause and what the experimenter will deliberately change or manipulate in the investigation
96
what is the dependent variable
the effect and what changes in response to the independent variable
97
What is unicellular
composed of one cell
98
What is multicellular
composed of many cells that may organize into tissues
99
What are organelles
specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function
100
What is homeostasis
need of an organism to stay stable by regulating internal conditions
101
What is a positive feedback mechanism
the output of a system intensifies the response
102
What is a negative feedback mechanism
the output of a system causes a counter response to turn a set point
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