Ling 201 > Midterm prep ling > Flashcards

Midterm prep ling Flashcards

(52 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

The IPA

A

International phonetic alphabet, used for transcription

- 1 symbol for every sound used distinctively in 1+ languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Airstream mechanisms

A 
expelled = egressive
inhaled = ingressive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

larynx

A

Modulates airflow, acts as a valve

  • The vocal chords
  • Cartillage, muscles, tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vocal tract

A

pharynx, oral & nasal cavity

- Filters ot modify sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glottis

A

Space between folds where air passes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Voiceless

A

Folds apart

  • No vibration
  • Sound produced = voiceless
    e. g. [s], [f], [h]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Voiced

A

Folds together

  • Air passes = vibration
  • Fold vibration rate = different pitches
    e. g. [z], [v]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Breathy

A

Folds partially open

  • Vibration
  • In English = different voices, not sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Creaky

A

Folds compressed and slack

  • Vibrates slowly + irregularly = lower pitch
  • Used to distinguish end of utterance, not sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why vocal organs?

A

-Larynx descended lower in humans than other primates for speech
Advantage: Tongue can produce wider range of sound
Disadvantage: Easier to choke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vowels described articulatory, Aerodynamically and by sound class (acoustic)

A

Artic. : Open vocal tract
Aero: Laminal (direct air flow)
Class: More acoustic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Consonants described particularly, Aerodynamically and by sound class (acoustic)

A

Artic. : Closed vocal tract
Aero: No/turbulent air flow
Class: Less acoustic energy, intervals of silence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stops/plosives

A

Build up then release of pressure

  • Followed by burst of air = aspiration
    e. g. [p] “spin”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fricative

A

Small opening, turbulent flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Affricate

A

Stop with slow release

  • Transcribed as stop + fricative using tie bar
    e. g. “raTCHet”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sibilant affricates and fricatives

A

Stridents

  • Noisy
  • Airstream goes through narrow channel + hits teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Non-sibilant affricates and fricatives

A

Quieter than sibilants, e.g. “th”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Obstruents

A

Stops, fricatives, affricates
- Obstructed airflow
- Turbulent = noise
Opposite = Sonorants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sonorants

A

Liquids, approximates, glides, nasals, vowels
- Non-turbulent
- More sonorous
Opposite = Obstruents
*Nasals, liquids and glides can be syllabic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Approximates

A

Liquids and glides

  • Liquids: change [r l] without constriction
  • Glides: Short, non-syllabic vowels such as [j w]
    e. g. laterals - direct air flow around sides of tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nasals

Study These Flashcards
A

Oral stops

  • Lowered velum, air escapes through nose
    e. g. [m n]
22
Q

Articulatory description for vowels

Study These Flashcards
A
  • More open vocal tract
  • Voiced, sonorants
  • Articulated w/ tongue body
23
Q

Acoustic description for vowels

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Louder (than consonants)

- Characteristic resonant frequencies (formant frequencies) determined by shape of vocal tract

24
Q

Acoustic description

Study These Flashcards
A

More accurate than articulatory descriptions

- Less intuitive

25
Monopthongs
"Simple vowels" - Position of articulators = constant e. g. [i]
26
Dipthongs
Vowel + glide - Noticeable change in articulation e. g. [aj]
27
Tense vs. lax
More vs. less constriction, longer vs. shorter, Greater distribution vs. less distribution
28
Dialects
Affect how vowels are pronounced
29
Coarticulation
Spoken language is produced in a continuous stream that we hear as individual sounds Articulatory: Continuous flow of overlapping gestures Acoustic: No clear breaks between sounds - Anticipatory (e.g. nasal) vs. carry-over
30
Reduction
Articulatory targets not reached at fast/casual speed
31
Suprasegmentals
Phonetic + phonological phenomena that are overlaid on segments - Stress, tone, and intonation
32
Stress
Syllables that are more prominent (longer, louder) primary= small line below secondary = small line above
33
Tone
Uses pitch to signal differences in word meaning - Uses H M L to transcribe e. g. MLH = Fall rise
34
Intonation
Uses pitch to convey post lexical meanings - Tones associated to stressed syllables = pitch accents, star e.g. L* - Tones associated w/ edges of utterances = boundary tones , percent e.g. %M
35
Length
Phonetics uses colon e.g. [mi:s]
36
Phoneme
Perceived to have the same function by speakers | /.../
37
Minimal pair
Different by 1 sound, changing changes meaning e.g. sum, sun, sung *Near minimal cannot be right next to other contrast
38
Allophones
Variants of phonemes, more detail - Complementary distribution/free variation [...]
39
Phonetic vs. phonemic transcription
Phonemic = only info that affects meaning e.g. /paj/ Phonetic = specific - Broad = rough, closer to phonemic e.g. [paj] - Narrow = more detailed, uses diacritics e.g. /phaj/
40
Variants of consonant phonemes
/t/ -- [t] , [th] , [r]
41
Complementary distribution
Allophonic variation that is predictable from context | e.g. [l/ -- [l with circle] after voiceless stops
42
Free variation
Not predictable e.e. occurring in same segmental environment (tone)
43
Natural classes
Groups of sounds w/ similar properties (all + only) | - e.g. /p t k/ -- voiceless stops
44
Underlying representation
Made of phonemes | e.g. eat -- /it/
45
Surface representation
Derived from underlying, made of allophones | e.g. Flapping: /t/ = [r] between 2 vowels and unstressed syllables
46
Rules' symbols
``` C = consonant V = vowel # = word boundary symbol thing = syllable boundary e.g. A -- B/X__Y A becomes B when it occurs between X and Y ``` e.g. Liquids become voiceless after voiceless stops syllable-initially
47
Assimilation
2 adjacent segments become more similar e.g. English palatalization before /j/: d-- d3 grade vs gradual
48
Coalescence
2 segments merge into 1
49
Lenition + fortition
Consonantal weakening + strengthening - Lenition: /t/ and /d/ -- [r] between a stressed and unstressed vowel e.g. Atomics vs. Atom - Fortition: /t/ == [th] at beginning of unstressed syllables
50
Syllables
Phonological unit that groups consonants + vowels in structures e.g. Hawaain (C)V pattern -- /a.lo.ha/
51
Onset, rhyme, nucleus, coda
Onset: Pre-nuclear consonants Rhyme: Nucleus + coda Nucleus: Head of syllable Coda: Post-nuclear consonants
52
Rules for syllables
1. Maximize onset 2. More sonorous sounds towards middle (opposite for codas) 3. No more than 2 segments in onset/coda except for extra syllabic consonants e.e. /s/
Ling 201
flashcards
Decks in class (1)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions