Gynecologic sonography > Midterm review > Flashcards

Midterm review Flashcards

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1
Q

Absence of menstruation can be primary or secondary. Primary= never menstruated by age 15. Secondary= no menstruation for 3-6 months after menarche.

A

Amenorrhea

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2
Q

Which 3 things can indicate an absence of menstruation (amenorrhea). HOA

A

Hormonal disorders
Ovarian failure
Anatomical abnormalities

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3
Q

What is done in ultrasound when there is an absence of menstruation (amenorrhea)? EA

A

Evaluate the ovaries for follicles or cysts
An absent endometrial thickening

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4
Q

Painful menstruation can be primary or secondary. Primary meaning no pathology. Secondary meaning because of a condition.

A

Dysmenorrhea

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5
Q

Which 3 pathologies can cause dysmenorrhea? EFA

A

Endometriosis
Fibroids
Adenomyosis

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6
Q

First menstrual period that marks reproductive maturity. Before 11 years is considered early. After 15 years old is considered late and can be due to endocrine disorders.

A

Menarche

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7
Q

The permanent cessation of menstruation usually at around age 50. Can cause an increased risk of endometrial atrophy or malignancy.

A

Menopause

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8
Q

Monthly shedding of endometrial lining due to hormonal withdrawal.

A

Menses

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9
Q

Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding.

A

Menorrhagia

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10
Q

If patient has Menorrhagia, what is evaluated during an ultrasound? FPA

A

Fibroids
Polyps
Adenomyosis

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11
Q

Infrequent menstrual cycles that are usually more than every 35 days. Often associated with PCOS or endocrine disorders.

A

Oligomenorrhea

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12
Q

Frequent menstrual cycles last less than 21 days

A

Polymenorrhea

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13
Q

The period before the first menstrual cycle.

A

Premenarche

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14
Q

Hormone that is secreted by the ovarian follicles, promotes endometrial proliferation, and secondary sexual characteristics, and vascularization.

A

Estrogen

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15
Q

Hormone that is secreted by the corpus luteum; stabilizes endometrium for implantation.

A

Progesterone

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16
Q

Temporary endocrine structure formed after ovulation; produces progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

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17
Q

On ultrasound this is seen as a cystic structure with possible peripheral vascularity.

A

Corpus luteum

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18
Q

Immature egg cell in ovarian follicle that matures during follicular phase.

A

Oocyte

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19
Q

A mature egg that is capable of fertilization

A

Ovum

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20
Q

Hormone that stimulates follicle development in ovary. Peaks during early menstrual cycle.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

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21
Q

Hormone that triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. The surge causes ovulation around day 14.

A

Luteinizing hormone

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22
Q

Hormones that stimulate the gonads. Like FSH and LH.

A

Gonadotropin

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23
Q

Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates FSH and LH secretion.

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH

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24
Q

Hormone that is in males and females that contributes to follicular development and sex steroid balance.

A

Androgen

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25
When the uterus is tilted forward over the bladder
anteverted
26
When the uterus is bent forward at the cervix
anteflexed
27
When the uterus is tilted backward
retroverted
28
When the uterus is bent backward at the cervix
Retroflexed
29
Which uterine position may complicate transabdominal imaging?
Retroverted/retroflexed
30
ligament that provides lateral support of uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries; contains mesosalpinx and mesovarium.
Broad ligament
31
Ligament that provides cervical and uterine lateral support and contains vessels.
cardinal ligament
32
ligament that maintains anteverted uterus
round ligament
33
ligament that connects ovary to uterus
ovarian ligament
34
ligament that attaches ovary to pelvic wall and contains ovarian vessels.
suspensory ligament
35
ligament that provides posterior uterine support
uterosacral ligament
36
Inferior part of the pelvis containing reproductive organs
True pelvis
37
Superior portion of the of the pelvis that supports abdominal organs
False pelvis
38
Separates the true and false pelvis
Iliopectineal line
39
Space between the bladder and the uterus
Vesicouterine Recess
40
Posterior cul-de-sac where fluid may accumulate
Rectouterine Recess (pouch of Douglas)
41
Space between the pubic symphysis and the bladder; fluid may collect here.
Space of retzius (retropubic space)
42
Part or broad ligament surrounding fallopian tube
Mesosalpinx
43
This connects the ovary to the broad ligament
Mesoovarium
44
Pelvic floor muscle that supports pelvic organs
Levator ani
45
Posterior pelvic floor support muscles
Coccygeus muscles
46
Muscles of lateral wall that help with hip rotation
Piriformis muscles
47
Other muscle of lateral wall that also help with hip rotation
Obturator internus muscles
48
Muscles of floor of false pelvis that help with hip flexion
Iliacus muscles
49
Posterior abdomen muscles that help with hip flexion
Psoas major muscle
50
Muscle fiber patterns seen on ultrasound
Striations
51
Arteries in myometrium that supply endometrium and are seen on doppler
Arcuate muscles
52
The uterine horns and site of tubal entry
Cornu (Cornua)
53
Inner lining of uterus that changes thickness with cycle; echogenicity increases in secretory phase.
ENDOMETRIUM
54
Muscular uterine wall, the thickest layer that contains arcuate vessels.
Myometrium
55
Internal cervical opening; seen in transvaginal Ultrasound
Internal OS
56
Vertical plane that divides the body front/back; useful in 3D imaging
Coronal plane
57
Saline infusion used to enhance visualization of endometrial cavity; used for polyps or adhesions.
Sonohysterography SIS
58
Ultrasound that evaluates the pelvic floor, urethra, and lower vagina. Done externally.
Translabial/Transperineal ultrasound
59
Days 1-5 of menstrual cycle phase in which menstrual bleeding occurs and the endometrium sheds and regenerates. Low estrogen and progesterone but FSH begins to rise.
Early proliferative phase
60
How does endometrium appear in early proliferative phase on ultrasound?
thin, hypoechoic endometrium, less than 4 mm
61
Days 5-13 of menstrual cycle phase in which endometrium thickens; follicles mature in ovary. Estrogen is rising, LH and FSH start to peak near ovulation.
Late proliferative phase (pre ovulation)
62
How does endometrium appear in the late proliferative phase on ultrasound?
Trilaminar "three line sign" follicles are visible in ovary; dominant follicle 15-20 mm by day 13
63
Approx day 14 of menstrual cycle phase where a mature ovum is released from dominant follicle. LH hormone surge triggers this. Estrogen peaks, progesterone starts rising.
Ovulation
64
Days 15-28 of menstrual cycle phase where endometrium becomes secretory and ready for implantation. Progesterone from corpus luteum and estrogen is moderate.
Secretory (luteal) phase
65
Days 1-5 of menstrual cycle that overlaps early proliferative phase. Endometrial shedding occurs. The drop in estrogen and progesterone triggers the shedding.
Menstruation
66
How does the endometrium appear on ultrasound during the secretory (luteal) phase.
Thick, echogenic endometrium 7-14 mm.
67
Doppler index that measures vascular resistance; uterine or ovarian arteries.
Pourcelot Resistive index RI
68
Doppler index that measures flow variability; low in high vascular beds.
Pulsatility index PI
69
Doppler index that evaluates blood flow resistance
S/D ratio
70
Follicular or corpus luteum cysts that are anechoic or complex and typically resolve spontaneously.
functional cysts
71
A cystic mass with fat, calcifications, or hair: has echogenic components on ultrasound.
Dermoid/teratoma
72
Serous or mucinous cystic ovarian tumor, unilocular or multilocular
cystadenoma
73
cyst that is adjacent to ovary; appears anechoic on ultrasound
paraovarian cyst
74
Complex cyst/solid mass; papillary projections; ascites
ovarian carcinoma
75
multiloculated, solid-cystic ovarian mass; vascularity on doppler
serous/ mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
76
Chocolate cyst; homogenous low-level internal echoes.
Endometrioma
77
less than 12 small follicles per ovary; string of pearls; thickened storm
Polycystic ovary PCOS
78
enlarged ovary; peripheral follicles; absent or decreased doppler flow
ovarian torsion
79
most common type of ovarian tumor; includes cystadenoma/ carcinoma
Surface epithelial-stromal tumors
80
Dilated fluid-filled fallopian tube; anechoic or hypoechoic
Hydrosalpinx
81
Dilated fallopian tube with pus; complex echogenic fluid
Pyosalpinx
82
Thickened fallopian tube; fluid; wall hyperemia on doppler.
Salpingitis
83
complex adnexal mass; separations; inflammatory changes; may involve ovary and tube
Tube-ovarian abscess TOA
84
Infection of upper genital tract; may involve TOA or hydrosalpinx
Pelvic inflammatory Disease PID
85
Inflammation around ovary; hypoechoic areas
Periovarian inflammation
Gynecologic sonography
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