Midterm Study

Question 1

Anatomy of a research paper (6 parts)

Answer 1

Title, Abstract, Introduction, methodology and materials, discussion, conclusions

Question 2

Title includes these things…

Answer 2

Independent variable, dependent variable, population of interest

Question 3

Author list order

Answer 3

First author: contributed the most
Last author: Principal investigator, lab owner, director

Question 4

When you state a fact you must

Answer 4

Cite it

Question 5

Results section of a study

Answer 5

What did you record in your study
*There is no interpretation of data in the results section

Question 6

Professional reading order of a study

Answer 6

Abstract, methodology, results, introduction, discussion, conclusion

Question 7

Consent must be these three things

Answer 7

Free, informed, ongoing

Question 8

Privacy and confidentiality wrt research

Answer 8

Privacy: his or her right to be free from intrusion from others
Confidentiality: the researchers’ obligation to safeguard entrusted information

Question 9

3 Rs of humane animal research

Answer 9

Replace, reduce, refine

Question 10

Describe the study design decision tree

Question 11

Is asking participants to submit to a blood test or fitness test an intervention?

Answer 11

NO

Question 12

What is an ecological study

Answer 12

A quantitative (either cross sectional or longitudinal) where the whole population is examined

Question 13

Can observations distinguish cause and efffect?

Answer 13

NO

Question 14

What is the s variable

Answer 14

Standard deviation

Question 15

_
What is the X variable or u

Answer 15

X = Population mean
u = sample mean

Question 16

What is a z-score

Answer 16

• a measure of how many standard deviations a raw score is below or above population mean
• distribution must have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1

Question 17

What is the Xi variable

Answer 17

Individual score

Question 18

Importance of the Z score

Answer 18

• considers variance/the standard deviations
• you can compare anything because everything is normalized to one standard deviation

Question 19

If your alpha is 0.05, what is the likelihood of something happening

Answer 19

1/20, so less than 1 in 20

Question 20

What is the null hypothesis

Answer 20

You expect no change

Question 21

What is the alternative hypothesis

Answer 21

Something is, will, or has changed

Question 22

What type of hypothesis is the stated hypothesis in a study (alternative or null)

Answer 22

Alternative hypothesis

Question 23

What does alpha mean

Answer 23

• chance of making a type I error
• you can set your alpha to what is acceptable for the study
• defines your p value

Question 24

What is a type I error

Answer 24

• you claim to have proven the null hypothesis incorrect, when there HAS NOT been a CHANGE
  -associated with alpha variable

Question 25

What is a type II error

Answer 25

- You claim you have proven the null hypothesis correct, when actually there HAS been a change - associated with beta variable

Question 26

What is beta

Answer 26

The likelihood of making a type II error

Question 27

Are we trying to minimize or maximize sampling bias?

Answer 27

Minimize sampling bias

Question 28

State the hierarchy of evidence (7)

Answer 28

1) Meta analysis 2) Randomized controlled trial 3 cohort studies 4) Case control studies 5) cross sectional studies 6) animal trials + in-vitro studies 7) Case reports, expert opinions

Question 29

Good justifications for sample exclusions?

Answer 29

Pregnant women or women not on birth control Studying a specific characteristic, related to a sex hormone

Question 30

Sampling bias occurs how often?

Answer 30

Almost always

Question 31

Difference between probability and non probability samples

Answer 31

Probability samples: random selection No probability: nonrandom

Question 32

Why would you use non-probabilistic sampling?

Answer 32

- looking for something specific in participants (trait, disease, condition, ethnicity) - looking for people with a shared experience, vantage point, perspective -you need to select ppl within a group to study it (ex. Ethnology) - people willing to speak about experiences

Question 33

Gamblers fallacy

Answer 33

When people think that their odds change after events happen (flipping heads 100x in a row, still 50% chance of flipping it again the 101st time)

Question 34

What variable do researchers manipulate in an experimental study

Answer 34

Independent variable

Question 35

What is a weakness of a pre-experimental study

Answer 35

No control group therefore difficult to eliminate normal changes over time

Question 36

Weakness of quasi - experimental study

Answer 36

Lack random assignment to groups, therefore leads to selection bias

Question 37

Weaknesses of Randomized Controlled Trials (3)

Answer 37

Limited by sample size, abstraction from real-world setting, level of binding

Question 38

What is a meta analysis

Answer 38

- Statistical method to summarize/combine results of multiple studies - top of hierarchy of evidence

Question 39

What is a systematic review

Answer 39

Type of literature review that uses systematic methods to collect secondary data

Question 40

What’s the tri council policy statement (3)

Answer 40

- respect for persons - concern for welfare - justice

Question 41

Nominal variable

Answer 41

Name - no order

Question 42

Ordinal

Answer 42

Ranked, but intervals between categories not necessarily equal - ex. Difference between first and second place could be 0.01s but second to third could be 30s

Question 43

Continuous variable

Answer 43

Any value within a range w/ equal intervals (height, weight, time)

Question 44

Ratio variables

Answer 44

Equal intervals between values, but with a point zero (Heart rates, VO2 max)

Question 45

What does random selection improve

Answer 45

External validity

Question 46

Random **selection** vs random **assignment**

Answer 46

Random Selection: how participants are chosen for a study, affecting external validity Random Assignment: how participants are assigned to treatment groups, affecting internal validity Random Assignment

Question 47

T or F: A randomized controlled trial always has randomized selection

Answer 47

False. An RCT can use non-probabilistic sampling. BUT an RCT will always use randomized assignment

Question 48

Bias

Answer 48

Any systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of the study that would lead to a distortion of the true effect

Question 49

Confounding variability

Answer 49

- Other variables that are related to independent and dependent variables - researchers try to minimize confounding variability to ensure the observed changes are due to the independent variable

Question 50

Validity

Answer 50

The extent to which a study measures what its supposed to measure

Question 51

Reliability

Answer 51

Consistency and stability of the measurements performed in the study