MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE (ORIGINAL)

Question 1

Personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior is called?

Answer 1

INTROSPECTION

Question 2

Define Psychology

Answer 2

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 3

The ideas of humanistic psychology?

Answer 3

personal growth, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of people.

Question 4

Biological perspective?

Answer 4

genetic, neurological, and physiological processes underlying behavior

Question 5

How young people change in their formative years, psychological practice doing clinical work with children, consultant to parents.

Answer 5

Developmental Psychologist

Question 6

What is the study of personal experience analyzed as basic elements?

Answer 6

STRUCTURALISM

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the central nervous system?

Answer 7

It is composed of the brain and spinal cord, controls most bodily functions.

Question 8

A cell present in the nervous system that transmits information?

Answer 8

NEURON

Question 9

Function of the parasympathetic nervous system and what is common to both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 9

EXAMPLES:
The slowing heart rate after stress, slow breathing

COMMON: They are both part of the Autonomic Nervous System, use two neuron pathways, and acetylcholine (NT) at ganglion

Question 10

Randolph’s doctor suspects he might have suffered damage to his prefrontal cortex because ____.

Answer 10

Impaired problem-solving, decision-making, and memory, impulsivity, and adaptation.

Question 11

Defines neurons?

Answer 11

Cells in the nervous system that transmit information

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of executive function?

Answer 12

planning, decision-making, and self-control.

Question 13

Which of the following are fibers that carry information away from the cell body of a neuron?

Answer 13

AXONS

Question 14

Pete is an alcoholic who frequently gets into physical altercations. What area of his brain is likely not functioning at its highest capacity?

Answer 14

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 15

What is an example of neurogenesis at work?

Answer 15

Growth of new neurons in the hippocampus. from learning and memory, olfactory processing smell, exercise

Question 16

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the ____ while Michael salivating would be labeled the ____.

Answer 16

Unconditioned Stimulus; Unconditioned Response

Question 17

Definition of consciousness by psychologists and statements that characterizes the current understanding of consciousness.

Answer 17

Awareness of oneself and the surrounding environment

Question 18

A state of nonjudgmental awareness of current experiences?

Answer 18

Mindfulness meditation

Question 19

What is the term that psychologists use to describe the ability to “think about thinking”?

Answer 19

Meta cognition.

Question 20

What is habituation? Dishabituation?

Answer 20

Learning to ignore a repeated stimuli; and a renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus.

Question 21

The thin, outer layer of the brain in which high-level processes take place is called the ___?

Answer 21

Cerebral Cortex

Question 22

Which of the following is common to both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 22

They are both part of the Autonomic Nervous System, use two-neuron pathways, and acetylcholine (NT) at ganglion.

Question 23

The master gland influences other endocrine glands. Still, the master gland has a master regulating it. Which of the following identifies the master gland and its regulator?

Answer 23

The Pituitary Gland, regulated by the Hypothalamus.

Question 24

What is an example of the sympathetic nervous at work?

Answer 24

Fight or flight response, heart rate up, bp up, adrenaline/epinephrine, sweat

Question 25

The concept of forming an association applies to:

Answer 25

elaborative rehearsal, mnemonic devices

Question 26

If a model is successful, or rewarded, the model's behavior is ___.

Answer 26

Reinforced

Question 27

You smell the odor of cookies being baked, and your mouth waters. Apparently, the odor of cookies is a ____, and your salivation is a ____.

Answer 27

Conditioned Stimulus; Conditioned Response

Question 28

Extinction in operant conditioning is also subject to ____ of a response.

Answer 28

Spontaneous Recovery(during), Extinction Burst (after)

Question 29

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the ____ while Michael salivating would be labeled the ____.

Answer 29

Unconditioned Stimulus; Unconditioned Response

Question 30

In the context of operant conditioning, an example of ____ is when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes."

Answer 30

Positive reinforcement

Question 31

____ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

Answer 31

Observational Learning

Question 32

Three-year old Derris watches the children's television show "Sponge-Bob Square-pants." At first, Derris became really excited whenever he saw a Sponge-Bob doll. Now Derris gets excited whenever he sees ANY yellow sponge. Derris is displaying stimulus ____.

Answer 32

Stimulus Generalization

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

Answer 33

Learned association between two stimuli, pairing NS with UCS to create CR, by Ivan Pavlov

Question 34

In his initial experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate when he sounded a tone of a bell. Pavlov termed these trained salivary responses ____.

Answer 34

Conditional reflex/response

Question 35

Denise cries every time she hears a song on the radio that she and her ex-boyfriend used to enjoy. Hearing the song brings back memories of the good times they had before he broke off the relationship. How come Denise cries when she hears the song?

Answer 35

Conditioned Stimulus associated with boyfriend

Question 36

In the context of classical conditioning, the term ____ is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

Answer 36

Unconditioned Response

Question 37

Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Jeff's car and that of a stranger's car is due to ____.

Answer 37

Discrimination

Question 38

Operant conditioning is essentially learning ____.

Answer 38

through consequences of a behavior

Question 39

Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being registered is a process that occurs in ____.

Answer 39

Sensory Memory

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?

Answer 40

Remembering to do something, event or time based, affected by stress, distractions, mood/attitude, lack of cues

Question 41

Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Rupp's ability to remember the specific details is known as ____.

Answer 41

EIDETIC IMAGERY, PHOTOGRAPHIC MEMORY

Question 42

How to perform different skills and actions is a component of ____.

Answer 42

Procedural Memory: Long-term, implicit, how-to-do

Question 43

Explicit memory is:

Answer 43

Long-term, requiring conscious thought. Episodic: Personal experience. Semantic: general knowledge

Question 44

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates ____.

Answer 44

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 45

In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:

Answer 45

SENSORY MEMORY. Then short term, then long term.

Question 46

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussed the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different ____ of the event.

Answer 46

Episodic Memories

Question 47

Episodic memory is also referred to as ____.

Answer 47

Autobiographical or personal

Question 48

If you consciously succeed at putting a painful memory out of your mind, you have used ___.

Answer 48

Supression or Motivated forgetting

Question 49

When someone daydreams during classes, it is best known as a(n) ____.

Answer 49

Selective attention/selective exposure

Question 50

the term mindfulness meditation?

Answer 50

Paying attention to the present moment without judgment

Question 51

Which of the following relates to the proposition that dreams are how brains process random electrical discharges of rem sleep?

Answer 51

Hobson and McCarley’s activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 52

When someone regularly falls asleep during the day, it is called ____.

Answer 52

Narcolepsy

Question 53

What is the most frequently used psychoactive drug in North America?

Answer 53

Caffeine

Question 54

A stimulant is a substance that increases ____.

Answer 54

Alertness, Heart rate, breathing, (central nervous system)

Question 55

Which of the following statements describes an individual's psychological dependence on a drug?

Answer 55

Compulsive use to maintain feelings of comfort and wellbeing

Question 56

Which of the following is a substance that stimulates perceptions that are at odds with reality?

Answer 56

LSD, PCP, Ketamine, Marijuana, THC

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of a hallucinogen?

Answer 57

LSD, PCP, Ketamine, Marijuana, THC

Question 58

Which of the following is the best example of intrinsic motivation? Extrinsic motivation?

Answer 58

intrinsic- for personal satisfaction. extrinsic- external reward or avoid consequences

Question 59

Hannah is 23 years old, 5'2" tall, and weighs 185 Ibs. Hannah routinely eats large amounts of food when stressed. Afterward, she feels awful, but she continues to deal with stress in this fashion. Given what you know, Hannah would most likely be diagnosed with which eating disorder?

Answer 59

Binge eating disorder

Question 60

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

Answer 60

COGNITIVE Order: Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem, Cognitive, Aesthetic, Self Actualization

Question 61

Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him he will get a raise if he completes his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n): ____.

Answer 61

Incentive

Question 62

Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more in life. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his ____.

Answer 62

Self Actualization Needs

Question 63

Alina thinks that she is overweight. She often indulges in binge eating and later forcibly vomits the food. Which eating disorder is Alina most suffering from?

Answer 63

Bulimia

Question 64

Motives are ____.

Answer 64

the tendency to desire and seek out positive incentives or rewards and to avoid negative outcomes

Question 65

According to James and Lange, ____ are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses.

Answer 65

EMOTIONS Stimulus → Interpretation → Emotions

Question 66

Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as ____.

Answer 66

EMOTIONS

Question 67

A(n) ____ is a state of deprivation.

Answer 67

NEED

Question 68

Which theory of emotion best explains why one student panics before an exam and another remains calm?

Answer 68

Cognitive-Mediational

Question 69

Which of the following theories of emotion defines emotions as a pattern of physiological responses?

Answer 69

James-Lange

Question 70

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

Answer 70

Positive and Negative reinforcement and Positive and Negative Punishment

Question 71

Tip of the tongue phenomenon; flashbulb memories.

Answer 71

TOT: Being sure you know something, but unable to retrieve information Flashbulb Memories: Vivid detailed memories surrounding something shocking or significant. Like where you were during 9/11.