1
Q
What year was the first documented case of abuse
A
1874
2
Q
Who is Mary Ellen Wilson
A
The first documented child maltreatment case
3
Q
What role did Etta Wheeler play in Marry Ellens Case?
A
She was a missionary who discovered the abuse and intervened.
4
Q
Mrs. Wheeler was a Missionary and Humanitarian and was told about Mary Ellen and went to check her out. She was so appalled by what she saw that went to the authorities (police) to report the horrifying child abuse.
What do you think happened?
A
They said there was nothing they could do
5
Q
Why did the police initially refuse to help Mary Ellen?
A
They did not consider child abuse a crime at the time
6
Q
What argument did Etta Wheeler make to the ASPCA to secure help for Mary Ellen?
A
That Mary Ellen was technically an animal, thus deserved protecting
7
Q
What was the societal impact of Mary Ellen’s case?
A
It changed the public’s understanding of child abuse and led to legal protections for children
8
Q
What is the most common type of abuse that CAS investigated in Ontario in 2018?
A
Exposure to intimate partner violence
9
Q
Are some children more at risk for abuse than others?
A
Yes
10
Q
Going for a walk in nature three times a week is an example of what type of self-care?
A
Physical Self-care
11
Q
Limiting endless scrolling on your phone is an example of what type of self-care?
A
Social Media self-care
12
Q
What is one of the most important aspects of self-care?
A
It is something you do on a regular basis
13
Q
What are the benefits of engaging in self care?
A
physical health
longer life
mental well-being
emotional health
14
Q
Who indicated that children need responsive, compassionate caregiving?
A
John Bowlby
15
Q
In the 1800’s children were considered chattel. What does this mean?
A
Children were considered property
16
Q
What is the moral transformation in the Mary Ellen Case?
A
It is the public and personal change in attitude towards the way children were raised
17
Q
What was the Canadian governments goal of residential school systems?
A
to assimilate all first nation children into euro-Canadian society
18
Q
What are the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s 94 Calls to Action?
A
They provide a roadmap for healing and joint efforts toward reconciliation.
19
Q
What is Kinship Care?
A
It is a living arrangement where a child or youth is placed in the care of a relative or close friend when their parents are unable to care for them.
20
Q
What percent of children remain in their home after report to CAS
A
97% of children remain in their home with the support of CAS to help address what brought them to the attention of CAS in the first place.
21
Q
Why are Indigenous children and youth overrepresented in Ontario’s child welfare system?
A
Historical and ongoing legacy of colonization and anti-Indigenous racism
22
Q
What does cultural safety or responsiveness involve?
A
Responding respectfully and effectively to diverse people
23
Q
What is the goal beyond cultural competence?
A
Cultural proficiency
24
Q
What factors often lead to more frequent and prolonged involvement of Black, Indigenous, and People Of Colour families with child welfare services?
A
Racial profiling and systemic racism
25
What is a recommended solution to address the lack of cultural competency among child welfare workers?
Better training on cultural competency.
26
Why are BIPOC families more likely to be involved with child welfare services due to poverty?
Because poverty is often mistaken for neglect.
27
What is the major criticism of the risk assessment tools used in child welfare?
They fail to account for systemic inequalities.
28
What was the most common form abuse substantiated in the Canadian First Nations Incidence Study of Reported Child abuse & Neglect?
Neglect
29
What was the primary objective of the Canadian Incidence Study?
It was to provide a reliable estimate of the scope and characteristics of child abuse and neglect investigated across Canada.
30
Following only the Christian calendar at a workplace is an example of what on the Cultural competence scale?
Cultural indifference
31
Why is cultural competence essential?
It is essential because without it, our opportunity to build relationships is impossible.
32
What percentage of physical abuse injuries are burns?
10%
33
What is Cerebral Edema?
It is swelling of the brain that can be due to shaking a baby.
34
Biting is not a form of physical abuse if used as a discipline technique. It can be very useful to help a child understand that biting hurts. True or False?
False
35
What is the most common reason for shaking a baby?
Loss of control due to persistent crying.
36
what is one example of not physical abuse?
isolating a child
37
What is a multi-planar bruise?
A multi-planar bruise is a bruise on two sides such as the arm or body.
38
What type of unresponsive care can be growth promoting?
Occasional inattention
39
What type of neglect is it when a child is exposed to intimate partner violence?
Emotional neglect
40
Pedro sent his son, Milo into the grocery store to steal food. Pedro regularly sends one of his kids into the store to steal food. What type of emotional abuse is this?
Corrupting
41
What is the general age of consent for sexual activity in Canada?
16
42
What is a critical role of technology in child sexual abuse?
Offenders use technology to create, share, and view Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM).
43
Child sexual abuse is recognized as a serious problem because:
It occurs more frequently than people realize and is often unreported.
44
A close in age exemption allows youth to consent to sexual activity with a partner within five years. What is the youngest age that a youth can consent to sexual activity with a partner 5 years older?
14
45
In Canada, what types of abuse fall within the mandate for investigation by child welfare authorities?
Neglect
Emotional abuse
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Exposure to domestic abuse.
46
What is a common short-term behavioral effect on children exposed to domestic violence?
Aggression, acting out, or withdrawal
47
How might exposure to intimate partner violence affect a child’s future interpersonal relationships?
It can impair their ability to form and maintain healthy relationships, leading to trust issues or overly dependent relationships.
48
Can it be considered abuse if you leave a child in a time out for longer than is developmentally appropriate?
yes or no?
Yes
49
There are very strict limitations to using corporal punishment with children in Canada.
true or false
true
50
The lack of housing has led to families ending up homeless with their children and child protection not being able to change the outcome due to lack of housing. Living in a homeless encampment increases the risk of neglect. Why?
Unsheltered children are always a risk factor for abuse such as health, hygiene and safety among other types of abuse.
51
There is evidence to show that punishment can be useful in some circumstances such as teaching children respect for authority.
True or Flase
Flase, Studies have shown a wide range of negative outcomes with the use of punishment.
52
Valeda didn't plan to have a baby, now she has twins and her body is wrecked and she can't walk very easily due to a broken tailbone from the delivery. She will never forgive them for this. What puts the children at risk for abuse?
Complications that disrupt the bonding process
53
According to the Study on Reported Child Abuse and Neglect, what percentage of physical abuse cases started out as punishment?
75%
54
What is child abuse?
Any action or failure to act by a caregiver that harms or risks harm to a child.
55
What are common causes of child abuse?
Cultural/social beliefs
Limited government support
Domestic abuse
Addiction
Mental health issues
Homelessness/insecure housing
56
Examples of Physical Abuse Include?
Hitting, grabbing, shaking, pushing, biting, pulling, punching, kicking, burning, forced ingestion
57
What are the hallmark injuries of Shaken Baby Syndrome?
Subdural Hematoma (brain bleeding)
Cerebral Edema (brain swelling)
Retinal Hemorrhages (eye bleeding)
58
How do you assess accidental vs. non-accidental injury?
Was it avoidable?
Was it preventable?
Was it foreseeable?
59
What defines emotional abuse?
Acts or omissions that deny a nurturing environment and attack a child’s emotional development.
60
Examples of emotional abuse include?
Excessive demands, criticism, teasing, belittling, rejecting, ignoring, isolation, exposure to domestic violence
61
Is negligence a form of emotional abuse?
Yes- especially when its a repeated pattern
62
Signs of emotional abuse include?
Poor self-confidence, headaches, stomach aches, destructive behaviour, approval seeking, habit disorders, developmental delays, etc.
63
What are the three types of Exposure to intimate partner violence (Edelson’s Theory of Exposure)
Direct (seeing/hearing violence)
Indirect (feeling tension or instability)
Aftermath (police presence, injured caregiver)
64
What defines sexual abuse?
Use of power over a child to involve them in sexual acts
65
Signs of sexual abuse include?
Imaginative reenactment, thumb-sucking, fear of dark, nightmares, bedwetting, soreness in genitals, avoidance of undressing, etc.
66
What is exhibitionism?
When a perpetrator exposes themselves to a child for their own sexual gratification.
67
What is exploitation in the context of child abuse?
When an adult uses their position of power or trust to engage a child in sexual activity.
68
What is a molester?
A person who makes unwanted or improper sexual advances, often involving forced physical or sexual contact.
69
What is a pedophile?
An adult with sexual interests or fantasies involving prepubescent children, or who attempts to engage in sexual acts with them.
70
What is a perpetrator?
Someone who carries out a crime, often used to describe someone who sexually abuses children.
71
What is a sex offender?
A person convicted of a crime involving sexual activity.
72
What does substantiated mean in child protection?
The investigating agency found enough evidence to confirm that abuse occurred.
73
What does suspected mean in child protection?
There is some evidence or verbal accounts, but not enough to confirm abuse.
74
What does unfounded mean in child protection?
There is not enough evidence to support the abuse allegation.
75
What is voyeurism?
When a perpetrator observes a child for sexual gratification.
76
What is corporal punishment?
Physical force intended to cause pain as a form of discipline.
77
What does Section 43 of the Criminal Code allow?
Limited physical discipline for children aged 2–12, if it’s minor, non-injurious, without objects, threats, or humiliation.
78
What is the close-in-age exemption for ages 12–13?
They can consent to sexual activity with someone no more than 2 years older, unless that person is in a position of trust.
79
What is the close-in-age exemption for ages 14–15?
They can consent to someone up to 5 years older, unless that person is in a position of trust or authority.
80
Can children under age 12 legally consent to sexual activity?
No—there is no valid consent under any circumstance.
81
What does protection from exploitation include for youth aged 16–17?
Protection from coaches, teachers, caregivers, or anyone in a position of trust or who provides basic needs.
82
What is neglect?
A caregiver’s consistent failure to meet a child’s basic needs.
83
What are types of neglect?
Physical
Emotional
Medical
Educational
Failure to thrive.
84
What was the goal of the OIS-2018?
To provide reliable estimates on child abuse and neglect investigated in Ontario.
85
How many total investigations were conducted in 2018?
148,536
86
What was the most common form of substantiated abuse?
Exposure to intimate partner violence (45%)
87
What percentage of children remained at home during investigations?
97%
88
What is Child welfare
an organization that upholds legislation to protect children
89
What is Childrens Aid Society (CAS)
An organization takes with protecting children and providing services like adoption
90
What is Child Protective Services (CPS)
An organization responsible for protecting children—synonymous with CAS, child protection, and child welfare.
91
What is child maltreatment?
A range of abusive behaviours including physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and neglect.
92
What impact did the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) have?
It positively influenced child welfare legislation.
93
What was the Sixties Scoop?
: Between 1940–1980, thousands of Indigenous children were forcibly removed and placed in white adoptive families.
94
What were the impacts of the Sixties Scoop?
Loss of cultural identity
Physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.
95
Up to what age must caregivers provide supervision under CYFSA?
Up to age 18
96
What is required for children under age 10?
Suitable care and supervision arrangements (e.g., after-school programs, babysitters).
97
Can a 10-year-old be left alone?
Yes, for short periods with safeguards like access to help and participation in Home Alone programs.
98
What is the minimum age to babysit in Ontario?
Age 12, with recommended training from the Canadian Safety Council.
99
Can children under 16 be left alone overnight?
No—they must have arranged supervision during nighttime hours.
100
What three things need to be present in order for a child to be at risk of abuse?
Caregiver's potential for abuse
Caregiver's view of the child
The situation that triggers the abuse
101
Poppy is full of energy and excitement. Her grandmother said that she is just like her father who gets access every Saturday. Her mother on the other hand is a quiet individual who likes to read and crochet in her spare time. She is not one to leave the house and would rather watch TV. What puts Poppy at risk of abuse?
Temperament mismatch between child and caregiver
102
Grant has anxiety. He has been self medicating with marijuana for about 8 months now. His 6-year-old son has missed 47 days since his father has been taking the marijuana? What has put Grant's son at risk for neglect?
Poor physical and / or emotional health
103
What are some Indicators of stress in children?
-Nightmares
-Bed-wetting
-Clinging behaviour
-Acting out
-Increased self-soothing (e.g., self-stimulating such as sucking on fingers).
104
What does a Covert issue mean in terms of child abuse?
It is not openly acknowledged or rarely talked about in public
105
Who is qualified to investigate Child Maltreatment?
Child Protection worker from the Children's Aid Society or Police Officer
106
What can you ask children when maltreatment is suspected
What Happened?
When did that happen?
107
What is the most common indicator of child abuse?
**Bruising to the head** is the most common injury to a child who has been physically abused
108
Questionable sites for bruises:
-The back of the head
-Neck
-Spine
-Back & front of arms
-Buttocks
-Back & front of thighs
-Calves
-The stomach
-Pubic/genital area
-Tips of shoulders
-Cheeks
-Ears
-Between the eyes & nose
109
Are bruises on knees common or questionable?
Bruising on knees is a common site
110
Are bruises on calves common or questionable?
Bruising on calves is questionable
111
Are all bruises in questionable locations indicative of abuse?
No
112
Is it suspicious if a child is not aware of where a bruise came from?
A child who appears to not know the origin of an injury is not a suspicion of abuse.
113
When Tyler was dropped off for the morning program, his caregiver did not say anything about the bump on his head. The children were playing in the outside fenced yard and he went straight into the yard. His mom put his backpack inside the school on his hook and signed him in. She did not put anything in the book about his bruised forehead and she didn’t talk to anyone about it.
What do you do?
You ask Tyler about his bruise on his forehead. While pointing at your own forehead you said, “what happened to your head”. He said, daddy mad at mommy, I cry”. You get someone else to ask again in a few minutes to see if he says something different. He says the same thing. You documented what Tyler said.
Tyler's parents are wonderful and very attentive to him. The staff are surprised by what Tyler is saying. What should they do?
Report to CAS, if the mother was called you would be possibly investigating child maltreatment which is not within our scope as ECEs
114
Physical Indicators of Neglect:
Pale
Losing weight
Always hungry
Bad diaper rash/other skin problems
Not dressed properly for the weather
115
116
Behavioural indicators of neglect
-delayed development
-little energy
-does not play with toys or notice people
-may be demanding of affection
-older children may drink alcohol, take drugs, or break the law
117
Behaviours in Adult Caregivers who Neglect Children
-does not provide for the child’s basic needs
-has a disorganized home life, with few regular routines
-does not supervise the child properly
-indicates that the child is hard to care for, hard to feed, describes the child as demanding
-may say that the child was or is unwanted
-is more concerned with own self than the child
-is not very interested in the child’s life
118
Physical Indicators of Exposure to Adult Conflict
* the child does not develop as expected
* often complains of nausea, headaches, stomach aches without any obvious reason
* physical harm, whether deliberate or non-accidental, during or after a violent episode, including:
* while trying the victim of abuse, siblings, themselves or others
* the result of objects thrown
119
Behavioural Indicators of Exposure to Adult Conflict
* may be aggressive and have temper tantrums
* may show withdrawn, depressed, and nervous behaviours (e.g., clinging, whining, a lot of crying)
* acts out what has been seen or heard between the partners
* tries too hard to be good and to get adults to approve
120
What is Purposeful Disclosure?
The result of a child’s decision to tell (least common-25% of cases)
Influenced by three things: Safe or Trusted Person, New Information, or Role Model Disclosures
121
Accidental Disclosure
A child may not have intended to disclose their experiences of abuse or exposure to domestic violence - may display indicators of abuse such a symbolic play (most common-75% of cases)
122
Prompted or Elicited Disclosure
Disclosures that are assisted by other people. (possibly CPS workers)
123
Percipient Disclosure
Occurs when events prompt or trigger a memory of abuse
124
Delayed Disclosure
When individuals wait for years, often decades, before disclosing to others.
125
What does RECANT mean in terms of Disclosure?
To publicly withdraw or take back something that was said. A child's decision to recant the abuse disclosure depends on the fallout of the disclosure.
126
Triangle of Disclosure - Why do children not tell?
1. Helplessness
2. Secrecy
3. Vulnerability
127
What are the main steps to respond effectively to disclosure?
-Control your emotions
-Offer reassurance
-Give undivided attention
-Consider the Child’s Developmental Level and Use of Language
-Ask Questions That Are Open-Ended and That Are Not Leading
-Tell the Child What Will Happen Next
-Follow Through on Legal and Moral Responsibilities
128
What should a professional do upon identifying signs or indicators of child maltreatment?
Pick the Correct Answer:
1.Ask the child detailed questions
2.Report to the Children's Aid Society
3.Report to the Director
4.Investigate the case to determine if abuse occurred
2.Report to the Children's Aid Society
129
What is the most common location for injury and bruising related to child abuse?
Head
130
What is the most common type of injury in children who have been physically abused?
Bruising
131
Where are bruises most commonly found on mobile children from everyday activities?
Elbows, knees, and shins
132
Indira aged, 3 1/2-years-old was playing in the kitchen centre at her child-care centre. The ECE was beside her holding a pot on the little stove. Indira looked at the ECE and said, "this is when the daddy hits the mommy on the head with the pot and the mommy cries". She paused realizing what she said.
What type of disclosure is this?
Accidental Disclosure
133
What does the "Triangle of Disclosure" aim to explain?
Why children often remain silent about abuse
134
What is the most common form of disclosure?
Accidental disclosure - 75%
135
Purpose of the CYFSA
Promote the best interests of the child
Protection of children
Well-being of children
136
Who is Considered Required to Follow Their Duty to Report
A healthcare professional
Educators, and child care workers
A religious official
A mediator and an arbitrator
A peace officer and a coroner
A lawyer
A service provider and an employee of a service provider
137
When I suspect abuse and complete the form, who is required to make the report to the children's Aid Society?
The person who suspects abuse is required to make the report.
138
What is the maximum age that the CYFSA applies to?
17 years and 364 days.
139
What is the most hidden form of child abuse?
Sexual Abuse
140
If you suspect child abuse but you don't have any contact information who can you report suspected abuse to?
Police
141
What is grooming?
a slow, gradual and escalating process of building trust and comfort with a child and the safe adults around children to eventually sexually abuse the child.
142
What are the steps of the grooming process
| 6 steps
-Targeting the victim
-Gaining trust
-Filling a need
-Isolation
-Sexualizing the relationship
-Maintaining control
143
Red flag behaviours (grooming)
-Repeated use of poor judgment when interacting with children
-Normalizing or minimizing inappropriate interactions with children
-Distorting relationships with children
-Frequently initiating or creating opportunities to have exclusive time alone and/or communication with a child
-Excessive touching, hugging, kissing, tickling, wrestling with, or holding children, especially when a child does not want this physical contact or attention
-Communicating with a child outside their role with the child
-Frequently making sexual references or telling sexual/ suggestive jokes to children or in the presence of children
-Exposing children to adult sexual interactions without apparent concern
144
Responding to red flag behaviours
1. use your instincts as a guide
2. Control your reaction.
3. Determine how the child feels about the behaviour.
4. Do not dismiss your concerns.
5. Take action.
145
How can risks of grooming be reduced?
TEACH your child about personal safety.
LEARN about behaviours and situations that present risks to children and youth.
BE INVOLVED in your child’s life.
SCREEN AND CHECK
SUPERVISE your child.
ACCOMPANY your child to public areas
COMMUNICATE with your child
PAY ATTENTION to changes in your child’s behavior patterns
USE THE CORRECT TERMS for body parts when talking with your child.
MODEL appropriate boundaries between adults and children.
PAY ATTENTION AND RESPOND to interactions between children and adults.
BE EMOTIONALLY AVAILABLE
146
What type of abuse did the sisters endure in the film Because we are Girls
Sexual and Emotional abuse
147
How did cultural expectations impact the way the sisters responded to the abuse in the film Because We Are Girls?
Cultural expectations around family honor and reputation pressured the sisters to remain silent and protect the family’s image.
148
How did gender influence the treatment of the girls within their family and community in the film Because We Are Girls?
Gender norms placed heavier restrictions on the girls, expecting obedience and modesty, which increased their vulnerability.
149
What barriers did the women face in seeking justice or speaking out in the film Because We Are Girls?
Fear of **community backlash, cultural stigma, lack of support systems,** and **institutional challenges.**
150
What is a common tactic used by abusers during the "Gaining Trust" phase of grooming?
Offering gifts, attention, or assistance to appear as a caring individual
151
What is the primary goal of the "Isolation" step in the grooming process?
To create opportunities to be alone with the child and separate them from potential protectors
152
What tactics might an abuser use during the "Maintaining Control" phase to ensure the child's silence?
The abuser uses **threats, guilt, shame, and manipulation** to maintain control
153
In the video, "Because We Are Girls", all three sisters engaged sexually with the father's cousin into their teen years and even early twenties. What stage of the grooming process is this?
Maintaining Control
154
In the video, "Because We Are Girls" why did the father's cousin target the 3 sisters?
They lacked supervision from the parents.
155
What is self-blame in the context of child abuse?
Children often believe they are responsible for the abuse, thinking they deserved it or caused family conflict.
156
Why do even adults who were abused as children struggle with self-blame?
The belief that they were responsible for their victimization can persist into adulthood, causing shame.
157
How can adults support children who express self-blame after abuse?
By reassuring them that the abuse is not their fault, though self-blame may remain deeply rooted.
158
How does chronic stress and trauma affect the developing brain?
It can cause **brain shrinkage, memory and learning problems**, and **behavioral difficulties**
159
What role does the amygdala play during traumatic events?
It triggers the stress response, releasing cortisol and preparing the body for fight, flight, or freeze.
160
What does powerlessness mean for children who have been abused?
They see themselves as **helpless** and unable to protect themselves, often feeling **unsafe** and **vulnerable**.
161
How does a sense of powerlessness affect children’s development?
It decreases interest in tasks, prevents autonomy, and can lead to anxiety, withdrawal, and depression.
162
What is betrayal in the context of child abuse?
When a trusted caregiver or authority figure manipulates, harms, or exploits the child, violating their trust.
163
How do children feel when they realize they’ve been betrayed?
They may experience **guilt, anger, rage, resentment, depression**, and **difficulty trusting others.**
164
What kinds of losses do abused children experience?
**Loss of childhood, innocence, trust, security, self-worth, self-esteem,** and sometimes **loss of home or familiar environment.**
165
What is stigmatization in the context of child abuse?
Children internalize a sense of “badness,” shame, or being “damaged goods,” often feeling different and alone.
166
How can sexual abuse affect a child’s sexual development?
It can lead to dysfunctional development, where sex is associated with **pain, fear, or manipulation.**
167
What behaviors may children adopt when sexualization occurs?
Provocative behavior, angry sexual language or gestures, and inappropriate sexual arousal for their age.
168
Why might abused children learn to use sex as a weapon?
Because sex has been paired with negative emotions like pain, jealousy, or disappointment in their environment.
169
What destructive behaviors might abused children engage in?
Rage, self-harm, high-risk play, substance abuse, prostitution, eating disorders, or suicidal tendencies.
170
How does abuse affect a child’s ability to form attachments?
It can cause indiscriminate **clinging, emotional withdrawal,** or **sabotaging** closeness due to lack of trust.
171
What behaviors might abused children show in attachment relationships?
Being overly **compliant, demanding, emotionally distant**, or **unable to find comfort** in relationships.
172
What is hopelessness in the context of child abuse?
A loss of faith in themselves, others, and the future, seeing the world as unsafe and unloving.
173
What do children learn when living in unsafe, abusive environments?
They learn **mistrust, lack of control over power, and the futility of hope** in the face of fear and despair.
174
What chemical is released in the brain to prepare the body to respond to threat (fight, flight, or freeze)?
Cortisol
175
Why do children blame themselves for child abuse?
Children are egocentric, so when they are abused, they feel responsible for everything what happens to them and around them.
176
What will happen if a child's risk factors outweigh their protective factors?
They will not be resilient to overcome the adversities in their life.
177
What is a common behavioral response in children who have been abused?
Displays of **rage** or **self-harm**
178
What is the primary difference between resilience and protective factors?
Resilience is about a child’s capacity to overcome adversity, whereas protective factors are conditions that reduce the impact of risk factors.
179
According to the content, what is true about the relationship between supportive adults and maltreated children/post traumatic stress symptoms.
A supportive adult's presence can **decrease** the likelihood of **post-traumatic stress symptoms** in maltreated children.
180
What are the three stages of prevention
1. Primary Prevention
2. Secondary Prevention
3. Tertiary Prevention
181
What is Primary Prevention
To prevent child maltreatment **before it occurs** by targeting entire populations, regardless of risk level.
182
What is Secondary Prevention
To **identify** families or individuals at risk of child maltreatment and **intervene** before abuse or neglect occurs.
183
What is Tertiary Prevention
To address already established cases of child maltreatment and **prevent their recurrence or escalation.**
184
Examples of primary prevention
1. Public Awareness Campaigns
2. Parent Education Programs
3. School-Based Programs
4. Community Enhancement Projects
5. Economic Support
6. Access to Quality Childcare
185
Examples of secondary prevention
1. Targeted Home Visiting Programs
2. Parental Skill Building Classes
3. Family Resource Centers
4. Respite Care Services
5. Early Childhood Intervention Programs
6. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Treatment
7. Support Groups for High-Risk Families
8. Crisis Intervention Services
186
Examples of Tertiary Prevention
1. Therapeutic Services for Children and Families
2. Family Reunification Programs
3. Supportive Housing Programs
4. Parent Mentor Programs
5. Substance Abuse Recovery Programs
6. Legal Advocacy and Support Services
7. Job Training and Employment Programs
8. Intensive Case Management
9. Residential Treatment Programs for Adolescents
187
What is the main objective of public awareness campaigns in primary prevention?
To increase public knowledge about child development and positive parenting
188
What is the purpose of community enhancement projects within primary prevention initiatives?
To create safe and engaging environments for families and children.
189
How do home visiting programs for new parents support child maltreatment prevention?
By supporting families with **resources, parenting tips,** and **developmental information** from the start.
190
Child Abuse & Neglect
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