What is the definition of learning?
A change in behavior resulting from repeated practice.
Who proposed classical conditioning?
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.
Who proposed operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner.
What is Pavlovian conditioning also called?
Classical learning.
What is the focus of Pavlovian conditioning?
Association between a neutral stimulus and a psychologically significant event.
What is operant conditioning based on?
Association between behavior and its consequences.
What is an operant?
A behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.
What does the law of effect state?
Behavior is strengthened or weakened depending on its effect on the environment.
What strengthens operant behavior?
Positive outcomes or avoidance of negative outcomes.
What weakens operant behavior?
Negative outcomes or decreased probability of positive events.
What is sign tracking?
A behavioral phenomenon where an organism approaches a conditioned stimulus signaling a reward.
Give an example of sign tracking.
A rat approaching a light paired with food.
What type of learning does sign tracking involve?
Both classical (association) and operant (reinforcement) learning.
In classical conditioning, what controls responses?
Antecedent stimuli.
In operant conditioning, what controls responses?
Consequences of behavior.
What is extinction?
A decrease in a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
What is counterconditioning?
Pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus to create a new response.
What therapeutic method is based on counterconditioning?
Systematic desensitization.
Does extinction erase original learning?
No, it results in new learning that inhibits the old response.
What is reconsolidation?
A process where new memories are temporarily unstable and can be disrupted.
What is taste aversion?
Avoidance of a taste associated with illness or unpleasant experience.
What are compensatory responses?
Responses opposite to the unconditioned response, explaining drug tolerance and addiction.
How is fear conditioning related to anxiety disorders?
Neutral stimuli paired with frightening events elicit fear, forming the basis for phobias and PTSD.
How is panic disorder related to conditioning?
Cues associated with panic attacks elicit fear of recurrence.
