Professionalism Themes
1 - Professionals always exhibit proper manners & etiquette!
#2 - Professionals are consistently on time (assignments, meetings, etc…)
#3 - Professionals Believe In and Follow a Growth Mindset
#4 - Professionals Come Up with Solutions Not Excuses
# 5 - Mediocrity is NOT acceptable to professionals
# 6 - Professionals take INITIATIVE to do way more than the minimum required
# 7 - Professionals Excel At Being PRODUCTIVE EVERY DAY
# 8 - Professionals Develop Effective HABITS & ROUTINES That Lead To Success
The Engineering Design Process is a structured, iterative method engineers use to solve problems and design or improve technologies.
- Identify the Problem
- Identify Criteria and Constraints
- Research Information 4. Brainstorm Ideas
- Select the Best Idea 6. Build a Prototype
- Test and Evaluate
- Iterate your Prototype
- Communicate your Solution
Key Reminder
The Engineering Design Process is iterative — engineers often repeat steps to improve their designs.
What are the techniques for identifying the problem?
- Root cause
- ask a lot of questions, listen with empathy and take notes
- Painstorming
- Bodystorming
What are the 5 constraint categories?
time & duration, money, max materials provided, people, safety
What are the 5 areas to research?
political, environmental, economic, social, cultural
What are some select the best idea methods? Explain them.
Decision Matrix - strucutred table where each criteria has a ranking and the weight which is how important it is and u multiply it to get total point level for that criteria and u did for all criterias of design and add up points and compare it to their matrixes.
Pros & cons- do this for all designs and compare to see which is best
Ranked voting - put ddesigns on lef tcolumn and have 1-5 and for each design each team member rank them out of five and see which one most agree with higher number
What is meant by annotated? What type of things would you include in a drawing to make it annotated?
an annotated drawing that essentially has a sketch that has notes attached to it.
include
a. color of object
b. material object made of
c. all dimensions needed to build the prototype of the object
d. any other information that may help build the object
In Isometric drawings, what angle from horizontal are the objects’ horizontal edges drawn?
30 degrees
What are the requirements for a good orthographic drawing?
An orthographic projection is a type of Engineering drawing that represents a 3D object in 2 dimensions
For an orthographic drawing, a minimum of 3 views should be included: The sides that should be included in the 3 views are:
Top, Side, Front
The distance between views in an orthographic drawing should be
d. equidistant - the same distance apart
c. when looking at an oblique drawing you would see one of the sides directly facing you - that side is not distorted in the drawing
a. an oblique’s horizontal lines can be drawn at 30, 45, or 60 degrees
What should be the front view of an object when drawn in an orthographic drawing?
directly facing u
What are the standard number and name of views for an orthographic drawing?
three standard views—the front, top, and right-side
What are some line types used in orthographic drawings?
In all Engineering Technical drawings, edges or figures of the object that cannot be seen when constructing the engineering drawing are drawn as d. dashed lines
The light lines that are used to help draw an isometric object or orthographic projection, but are not the actual lines of the object are called c. construction lines
thick Object Lines (visible edges), short-dashed Hidden Lines (unseen edges), long-and-short-dashed Center Lines (axes), thick-dashed Cutting Plane Lines (where cuts are made), thin Section Lines (cut surfaces), thin solid Dimension/Extension Lines (measurements), and thin solid Leader Lines (for notes)
What goes in the Title Block?
name, title, scale, date, class, all dimensions are in..
Understand scale and how to use it to calculate additional measurements.
i understand
What are standard dimensioning practices?
placing dimensions on the clearest view, avoiding hidden lines, keeping them outside the object, and preventing crossing lines, using symbols (like Ø for diameter, R for radius) and consistent units, with smaller dimensions closer to the part
What are the parts of a plane that control flight?
ailerons, elevators, rudders
The elevators is located on the horizontal stabilizer and controls the pitchingCorrect. movement of the aircraft. Use the word bank and spell the words as they are in the word bank
The ailerons are located on the wings and control the rollingCorrect. movement of the aircraft. Use the word bank and spell the words as they are in the word bank
The rudder is located on the vertical stabilizer and controls the yawing movement of the aircraft. Use the word bank and spell the words as they are in the word bank
Explain the 4 forces of flight.
a. Drag, Lift, Thrust, and Weight
lift is primary force upper formance
weight downward force
thrust forward force
drag backward force
Drag limits the aircraft and opposes thrust.
Why is the angle of attack important?
The angle of attach is a major factor as to how much lift the wings generate.
Describe Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s principle can be described as in a moving fluid, an increase in the fluid’s speed is accompanied by a decrease in pressure. In other words, if a fluid like air or water moves faster, it also creates less pressure.
What is the wing’s planform?
c
What forces of flight oppose each other?
Weight is opposed by what force: lift
Calculate any variable using the given lift, drag, or Reynolds number equations.
The Reynolds Number is a similarity parameter, what does this mean?
It can predict the behavior of full-size models based on tests of small-scale models
At what Reynolds number does laminar flow typically occur?
d. Less than 2100
Lift (L) = (1/2) * air density (ρ) * velocity (V2) * wing area (S) * lift coefficient (Cl)”
Cessna 172 has a wing area of 25 square meters and needs to generate 225,000 Newtons of Lift to maintain level flight at an altitude where the air density is 1.2 kg/cubic meters. If the lift coefficient at this airspeed is 1.5, what airspeed in meters per second is required?
100
What two variables are multiplied together to calculate weight?
mass and gravity
Calculate the planar area of a rectangular wing with a span of 0.225 m and a chord of 0.045 m. (Note: the wing span is the width of the wing and is measured from wing tip to wing tip, or perpendicular to the fuselage. The wing chord is the length of the wing measured parallel or along the length of the fuselage.)
a. 0.010125 m2
reynolds equation - pvc/pi
drag - 1/2c_DPV^2A
L= cl*pv^2/2 *A
Know the characteristics of these 6 bridge types (Arch, Beam, Cantilever, Cable-Stayed, Suspension, Truss) and when they are best used?
- Beam Bridge (Girder Bridge)
Characteristics: Simplest design, horizontal deck (girder) supported at ends by piers/abutments, uses bending.
Best Used For: Short spans, economical for highways, quick construction, can be single or multi-span. - Arch Bridge
Characteristics: Curved structure transferring weight through compression to abutments, strong and beautiful.
Best Used For: Valleys, rivers, canyons; when foundations can handle horizontal thrust; classic aesthetic. - Truss Bridge
Characteristics: Uses interconnected triangles (trusses) for strength, efficiently handles tension and compression in members, material-efficient.
Best Used For: Various spans where strength and stability are key; common in railway bridges. - Cantilever Bridge
Characteristics: Horizontal beams (cantilevers) project from piers, meeting in the middle or supporting another span; balances forces outward.
Best Used For: Situations where temporary supports (falsework) are difficult; long spans where piers are costly. - Cable-Stayed Bridge
Characteristics: Modern, visually striking; cables run directly from towers to the deck, providing efficient support.
Best Used For: Medium to long spans; stiffer than suspension bridges, less sway, cost-effective for long distances. - Suspension Bridge
Characteristics: Deck hangs from vertical suspenders attached to main cables draped over towers; iconic, flexible, handles tension.
Best Used For: Very long spans (longest possible); major crossings like bays, where flexibility is needed.
Understand the forces of Tension and Compression on the parts or members of a bridge.
Compressive type of stress that shorten
Tension type of stress that lengthens
- Generally speaking, a solid bar does better in
b. tension - Generally speaking, hollow tube members do better in
a. compression
If your bridge is bending in the middle, its because the top of the deck is experiencing too much. . .
compression
Be able to explain a stress vs strain graph. (elastic region, plastic region)
elastic region is when deformation is temporary and plastic region is permanent. on the graph, elastic is linear and then plastic is after that which is nonlinear
Why is Young’s Modulus important in the field of engineering?
Young’s Modulus is vital in engineering as it quantifies a material’s stiffness, predicting how much it will deform (stretch or compress) under load, which guides crucial decisions in material selection for structural integrity, component design, and product performance, ensuring safety, efficiency, and functionality in everything from bridges to electronics by balancing strength with flexibility.
