1
Q
every year, nearly how many people die of malaria?
A
nearly 2 million
2
Q
which phylum do plasmodium spp do belong?
A
phylum apicomplexa
3
Q
A name which means nucleated mass and
in which the asexual cycle (schizogony)
takes place in the red blood cells of
vertebrates and the sexual cycle
(sporogony) in mosquitoes
A
Plasmodium
4
Q
a sexual life of plasmodium happens in
A
mosquitoes (sporogony)
5
Q
an asexual life of plasmodia happens in
A
red blood cells of vertebrae
6
Q
4 Species of Plasmodium
A
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
7
Q
two members responsible for over 90% of all human malaria cases.
A
Plasmodium falciparum, P, vivax
8
Q
More recently, Plasmodium _____has
been described in humans in the Philippines
and most of Southeast Asia
A
knowlesi
9
Q
P. ____,
considered the fifth human malaria parasite,
is normally a parasite of long-tailed macaques
(Macaca fascicularis), but humans working in
nearby forest fringe pose great risk for infection.
A
knowlesi
10
Q
vector of plasmodia
A
anopheles
11
Q
causative agents of malaria
A
plasmodia
12
Q
who and when was the plasmodium falciparum discovered?
A
Welch 1922
13
Q
who and when was the plasmodium vivax discovered?
A
Grassi and Feletti 1980
14
Q
who and when was the plasmodium malariae discovered
A
laveran 1881
15
Q
who and when was the plasmodium ovale discovered>
A
stephen 1922
16
Q
the species that is discovered since 1881
A
plasmodium malariae
17
Q
how many forms do plasmodia has?
A
around 24 forms
18
Q
The earliest form after
invasion of red blood cells is a ring
bluish cytoplasm with a dot like nucleus
of red chromatin
A
trophic stage
19
Q
the trophozoite stage is divided into 2 which are
A
early and late trophozoite
20
Q
the early trophozoite is also known as the
A
ring form - has chromatic bud, nucleus, vacuole in the cytoplasm
21
Q
the 2nd stage of trophozoite which is the late trophozoite form is also called as
A
developing trophozoite
22
Q
in the late trophozoite form, we can still observe the composition we saw on the early trophozoite form
true or false
A
true
23
Q
aside from the trophozoite form, it has a sexual form as well which is the ___
A
schizont
24
Q
schizont is divided into 2 which are
A
immature schizont and mature schizont
25
in what stage or form of schizont there will be an active replication of the chromatin
immature schizont stage/form
26
to determine the form of schizont and to identify them if it's mature or immature, we look for the ___
we observe the cytoplasmic composition surrounding chromatin
27
in what stage of schizont we can determine or identify the specie
mature schizont
28
a stage of schizont wherein it's characterized by fully developed stage of ASEXUAL trophozoites called MEROZOITES
mature schizont
29
in mature schizont, to identify the specie of plasmodia, we look for the ___
we take note for the number and position of merozoite
30
a third form of plasmodium sexual form
gametocytes
31
gametocytes are divided into 2, what are they?
microgametocyte
macrogametocyte
32
among the gametocyte, which one is for female, and which one is for male
macro is for female and micro is for male
33
differentiate the chromatin of macro and microgametocytes
micro - male - near the center - diffuse and scattered
macro - female - eccentric - more compact
34
the specie of plasmodia that are commonly found in ph and other tropical countries are the
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum
FV - mga tao sa PH mahilig mag-FV
35
among the specie of plasmodia, what is the easiest to identify?
Plasmodia falciparum - crescent shape
36
this stage is provided
with nucleus divided into 8-24
merozoites. Each nucleus enclosed
by some cytoplasm forming a
merozoites
schizont
37
the earliest stage with
1 nucleus living inside the red cells
trophozoite
38
stain we can use for plasmodium's trophozoite
giemsa and wright stain
39
a specie of plasmodia that has the widest distribution
plasmodium falciparum
40
what is the diagnostic feature for the early trophozoite of plasmodium falciparum
multiple infection - multiple ringforms inside the red blood cell
41
n plasmodium falciparum , in a single cytoplasmic circle, conncted to 2 chromatin dots. This is called as
headphone configuration
42
for plasmodium falciparum, what is commonly seen in the peripheral blood
gametocytes and ringed form
43
characteristic of immature schizont of plasmodia falciparum
Oval in shape , nucleus
Divided into 2-4 or more ,
Malarial pigment begins to
concentrate in a mass
44
characteristic of mature schizont
Nucleus divided into
average 24 merozoite;and cytoplasm also divided, each nucleus surrounded by
a portion of cytoplasm to form
merozoites, malarial pigment
clumped.
45
what is diagnostic for mature schizont in plasmodium falcifarum
presence of merozoites- average of 24
46
if the chromatin is compact or whole we call it __ but if it's in a form of granules, we call it as ____
mass; bodies
47
how many host types are involve in plasmodia?
2 - mosquito and human
48
the infective form for plasmodia is the
sporozoites
49
the life cycle for plasmodia starts with
the mosquito which ingested a sporozoite (will infect the salivary gland)
--> sporozoites will be introduced in the blood
--> will travel into the liver (invaidng hepatocytes)
--> will process a reproduction called schizogony (asexual)
--> exo erythrocyte cycle (schizonts will form and will produce merozoite)
-- > erythrocyte cycle (the merozoite formed will keep on infecting rbc cells and replicate)
some merozoites will further develop into gametocytes, which will unite and infect new mosquitoes.
50
in the life cycle of plasmodia, which host will we be able to found a gametocyte
mosquito as they will be the one to ingest it
51
after the union of the male and female gametocytes, it will be calld as
ookinete
52
ookinete will further develop into
oocyst
53
a form that will contain the sporozoite
oocyst
54
2 forms of sporozoite
tachysporozoite
bradysporozoite
55
is the common sporozoite
tachysporozoite
56
this sporozoite grow in the hepatic
cell and multiply to form exoerythrocytic
schizonts and then invade RBCs
tachysporozoite
57
is the cause of relapse
of malaria. ___ stay in the
hepatic cells and will multiply later.
Bradysporozoite
58
this form of sporozoite is dormant
bradysporozoite
59
The RBC form of the parasites can be nearly eliminated by treatment or
an immune response, and the patient may become asymptomatic. After
several weeks, the parasites can increase in number and the symptoms will
return; this is referred to as .
recrudescence
60
plasmodium spp that can cause recrudescence
all 4 of them
61
bradysporozoite is also called as
hypnozoites
62
the relapse of malaria caused by bradysporozoites are only possible for which plasmodia specie?
plasmodia vivax and plasmodia ovale
63
After completing a few
schizogonic cycles, some
merozoites develop into sexual
cells, the male and female
___
gametocytes
64
After completing a few
schizogonic cycles, some
merozoites develop into sexual
cells, the male and female
gametocytes.
This process is called
gametogenesis
65
main clinical feature of malaria
paroxysm
66
paroxysm has 2 stages
chill 30 mns - 1 hr
hot 1 - 4 hrs
sweating 1-2 hrs
67
Intermediate host :
human
68
final host
mosquito
69
infective stage
sporozoite
70
Moed of transmission
female mosquito bite skin of human
71
parasitic position
liver and rbc
72
transmitted stage
gametocytes
73
forms of sporozoite
tachysporozoite and bradysporozoite
74
Mechanism of paroxysm
liberation of merozoites and malarial
pigment; RBC debris into the blood
stream
75
Symptoms/Signs (in a typical case) for paroxysm
headache,lethargy, anorexia, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, ischemia
76
the recommended blood collection for paroxysm is
6-12 hrs
77
The cold stage (chill), lasting for ___
30 min to 1 hr.
78
between what stage of plasmodia we can recover them frequently?
first 2 stage, cold and hot stage
79
The hot stage (fever), lasting ___
1 to 4 hrs
80
Sweating stage lasting ___
1 to 2 hrs
81
Characteristic of paroxysm
(1).periodic
(2).repeated
(3).regular
82
the interval of paroxysm or the interval of the repetition is called
periodicity
83
The merozoites of P. falciparum develop in the
____within the mature red cells and modify the
structural and antigenic properties of these
cells.
parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM)
84
The parasites feed on the hemoglobin
resulting in the production of pigment known
as __
hematin
85
The entire developmental cycle in the mosquito
takes___ days, depending to some extent
on ambient temperature.
8 to 35
86
describe the life cycle of the parasite plasmodia from gametocyte into the body of mosquito until it became a sporozoite
Some merozoites develop into microgametocytes (male) or macrogametocytes (female) which are picked up by feeding female mosquitoes for completion of the life cycle. In
the gut of the mosquito, the male gametocytes
exflagellate and produce eight sperm-like
microgametes which may fertilize the female
macrogamete to form a zygote. The zygote
becomes motile and penetrates the mosquito’s gut as an ookinete, which then develops into
an oocyst. The oocyst grows and produces
sporozoites, which escape from the oocyst and
enter the salivary glands of the mosquito. These sporozoites may be injected into another human host when the mosquito takes a blood meal.
87
the disease name for the plasmodium falciparum
malignant tertian malaria
88
the paroxysm takes ___ hr for plasmodium falciparum
36-48 hrs
89
the one that cause the most severe form of malaria
plasmodium falciparum
90
aside from the liver, plasmodium falciparum infects other organ as well such as the __ and __ that's why it's considered as the most sever form of malaria
brain and kidney
91
infection of brain caused by falciparum is called
cerebral malaria
92
infection of kidney caused by falciparum is called
black water fever
93
in this specie, all ages of the rbc can be infected
Plasmodium falciparum
94
what is the gold standard for diagnosis
thick and thin blood film
95
thick and thin blood film
thick -
thin -
thick - screening purposes
thin - species identification
96
black water fever is characterized by
massive hemoglobinuria
in which the urine becomes dark in
color, because of acute hemolysis of RBC
97
Microscopy (Gold Standard) - “Thick and Thin Blood Smear"
stained with __
Giemsa or Wright’s stain
98
Treatment for plasmodium falciparum
Chloroquine and quinine - anti-erythrocytic stage drugs
Primaquine and pyrimethamine - anti-
exoerythrocytic stage drugs.
99
Prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Chemotherapy: 1 week before entry
into the endemic area ; for 4 weeks
after returning from the endemic
area.
100
Mosquito Control
(1). Reconstruction of environment:
eradicate the breeding places of
mosquitoes.
(2). Use insecticides
(3). Use mosquito nets, screen, or
mosquito repellants to protect the
person from mosquito bites.
101
plasmodium falciparum's cytoplasmic granules are called as
maurer's dot
102
plasmodia falciparum
Small ring forms (____diameter red
cell)
1/6 diameter
103
Cresent-shaped gametocytes
plasmodium falcifarum
104
comparing the size of the normal and infected rbc for plasmodia falciparum
same size, no enlargement happening
105
Plasmodium vivax will only infect ___ rbc
young (reticulocyte)
106
is plasmodium, worldwide distrbuted?
yes
107
diagnostic feature for plasmodium vivax
developing trophozoite form which is characterized by AMEBOID FORM of trophozoite
108
the disease associated with plasmodium vivax
benign tertian malaria
signs and symptoms are similar to flu
109
describe the shape of plasmodium vivax;s gametocyte
round gametocyte
110
paroxysm of plasmodium vivax
every 48 hrs
111
plasmodium vivas has a cytoplasmic granule that is paler and smaller than the maurer's dot called
schuffer's dot
112
the number of merozoites formed in rbc infected by plasmodium vivax is
12-24 merozoites
113
compare the size of the normal rbc and the infected rbc by plasmodium vivax
there's an enlargement of rbc found
114
what is the malarial
pigment for plasmodium vivax in late trophozoite
hemozoin
115
what is the diagnostic feature for P. malariae
developing trophozoite characterized by BAND FORMS
116
Plasmodium malariae will only infect ___ rbc
old
117
number of merozoites in rbc infected by plasmodium malariae
6-12 meroozoites
118
cytoplasmic granules of plasmodium malariae that is fine and pale
DUST-LIKE DOTS
Ziemman's dots
119
disease name for plasmodium malariae
quartan malaria
120
plasmodium malariae
Schizont with merozoite arranged
around central pigment (“ __
Rosette”
or “Daisy Head” or Fruit pie”)
121
shape of the gametocyte of plasmodium malariae
ovoid
122
a plasmodium specie that consist only Single compact ring
Plasmodium ovale
123
Found in Africa
plasmodium ovale
124
number of merozoites for plasmodium ovale
average of 8 merozoites
125
fewest number of merozoites
plasmodium ovale
126
difference of ovale to vivax
distortion in rbc, fimbriation
developing trop has no ameboid form
more ovoidal
127
A primate malarial parasite common in SEA
Plasmodium knowlesi
128
located in south asean countries
Plasmodium knowlesi
129
to identfy knowlesi from others, we conduct
molecular technique such as
PCR assay and molecular characterization
130
in molecular technique of knowlesi, a plasmodium specie can produce cross reaction, which one is that?
plasmodium vivax
131
Causes malaria in long tailed macaques
(Macaca fascicularis)
Plasmodium knowlesi
132
The sexual stage of reproduction occurs in the intestinal tract of house cats.
toxoplasma gondii
133
Diagnosis of toxoplasma gondi
serologic testing for toxoplasma antibody
134
why is there's no microscopic examination of tissue samples conducted in toxoplasma gondi infection
Because tachyzoites and bradyzoites are small and no single organ is
typically involved, it is difficult to diagnose infection by microscopic
examination of tissue samples
135
PARASITOLOGY
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
LAB 1 - MICROSCOPE58
-
LEC - INTO TO PARA, IMMUNITY,78
-
AMOEBA118
-
FLAGELLATES128
-
miscellaneous150
-
MIDTERMS - BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES - TRYPANOSOMATIDAE112
-
MIDTERMS -part 2 - trypanosoma- BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES59
-
MIDTERMS - COCCIDIAN PARASITES118
-
MIDTERMS - PLASMODIA135
-
FINALS - CESTODES177
-
FINALS - NEMATODES128
-
Finals - trematodes121
-
Acanthamoeba spp, Naegleria43
-
ARTHOPODS3
-
FILARIAE26
