what is global migration
dynamic flow of people between countries, regions and continents
what are economic migrants
migrants that are seeking work to earn money to send it back to their families as migrant remittances
what is a migrant remittance
when migrants send money back to their families in their home country after earning it abroad
what are refugees
migrants who are fleeing their country because they are in conflict zones or are being persecuted
what are asylum seekers
people who are pretending to be refugees to get into other countries more easily
main causes of migration
- employment opportunities
- retirement
- family reunification
what is net migration
difference between number of immigrants and emigrants for a particular country
what is the difference between an immigrant and emigrant
immigrants are people entering a country emigrants are people leaving a country
what is inter-regional migration flows
people migrating across boarders
what us intra-migration flows
people migrating within a countries boarders
what is the Lee migration model
a range of different push and pull factors are what affects peoples choices in deciding whether to migrate, helps understand international migration, also incorporates the idea of intervening obstacles (physical factors: mountains, river, transportation or cultural factors: language)
what are push and pull factors
push- negative factors which operate in migrants home country
pull- these are the perceived advantages of a potential destination which attract migrants
the relationship between patterns of international migration and socio-economic development
- migrants can contribute to development; it can be a positive process for stability, economic growth and socio-economic change
- inequalities in levels of development can be a cause of migration; this has a major influence on the direction and scale of global migrant flows
how global migration can promote stability, growth and development within and between countries
- international organisations recognise migration as an important factor for development
- stability: migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange, can contribute to economic stability if precipitance country, returning migrants can return back ti their home country with new ideas, ageing population will heavily benefit from youthful migrants
- economic growth: GDP and tax base can be boosted by working migrants, migrants are consumers so stimulate local economies, migrants can fill skill gaps and shortages in the about market, migrant remittances can supplement household income stimulate consumption provide funds for local investment and stimulate local multiplier effects
- development: skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can be of benefit to origin country, migrants can create networks which ease flow of skills financial recourses values and ideas, UN ‘migration and development’ projects bottom up approach
how global migration causes inequalities, conflicts and injustices for people and places
- inequalities:
- countries of origin lose a proportion of the young labour force
- often the migrants that leave their home country are better educated smother is a ‘brain drain’
- birth rates down as many people of reproductive ages are the ones migrating
- migrant remittances an increase inequalities between families
- conflicts:
- social conflict between host country residents and migrants
- immigrant populations can place pressures on service provision such as education, health and housing
- international borders can be areas of conflict for border control authorities, traffickers and illegal migrants
- injustices:
- migrants are vulnerable to violations of their human rights as a result of forced labour, exploitation of women and children and human trafficking
- poor treatment of asylum seekers
- the plight of refugees in terms of shelter, food, water, medicines and safety, including possibility of returning to country of origin
age of majority of migrants
- mainly the younger generation
- move for greater employment opportunities, higher wages and the possibility for remittances
- most common ages between 25 and 39
female migrants
- increase in number if female migrants in the 21st century
- in 2013 52% of migrants in developed countries were female
- cab be accounted for greater independence, status, freedom and increasing importance as main income earners
south-south corridors
- in 2013 most amount of migrants in this 82.3 million 36% of all migrants
- mainly labour migration
- less barriers to enter south countries, so easier and cheaper access
- a lot of fast growing south countries which offer job opportunities
- increased awareness of opportunities in the south resulting from improved communications and developing social and business networks
- preventative costs of moving to more distant richer countries
south-north corridors
- 81.9 million migrants 35% of all migrants
- migrants go to these countries looking for high paid work
conflicts and persecutions
- refugees have increased from 15.7 million in 2012 to 19.5 million in 2014
- asylum seekers who are people pretending to be refugees, 1.66 million applicants were turned down and so they were sent back to their home country
- civil wars mean that a lot of people relocate as refugees, in Syria 7.6 million people displaced and 4.7 million became international refugees
migration policies: Pakistan and Canada
Pakistan:
- ratification of ILO and UN conventions regarding rights of workers and protection of basic human rights
- promotion of the export of Pakistani manpower abroad
- positive steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment
- support for social networks and associations abroad
- establishment of training institutions to help Pakistani youth in preparation for working abroad
- enhancement of the impact of economic remittances and skills of returning migrants for development
Canada:
- aimed at countries long term, requirements for engineers, IT specialists and health care workers
- point system to ensure younger working migrants are able to get into the country more easily
case study: Italy
- from African ports across the Mediterranean to Italy an example of inter regional migration
- usually small vessel cross the sea so is very dangerous, 3279 died at sea in 2014
case study: Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast
- Burkina Faso is a low income, landlocked country with a GDP of $684 per head bordered by Ivory Coast then worlds largest exporter if cocoa and has a GDP of $1529 per head
- in 2013 there were 560,000 Ivorians living in Burkina Faso escaping conflicts in Ivory Coast
- in 2013 there were 1.46 million people from Burkina Faso living in Ivory Coast reasons for this are:
- employment opportunities and higher wages available
- opportunities for migrant farmers in the more fertile lands of Ivory Coast
- shared language, currency and a cultural system making it easier to migrate to (French)
case study: Myanmar to Thailand
- both ‘south’ countries involving 1.9 million migrants
- Thailand is the fastest growing economy southeast asian country whereas Myanmar is a low income country
- Burmese(Myanmar) attracted by economic reasons
- Thailand need to resolve labour shortages
- Thailand minimum wage ten times more than Myanmar at 300baht around ($9)
- Myanmar people escaping forced labour by the Myanmar government
