Asylum Seeker
A person who has applied for international protection and awaits a decision on their refugee status.
Bilateral Agreement
An arrangement between two countries governing migration (e.g. labour exchange programmes).
Brain Drain
The emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals from one country to another.
Brain Gain
The inflow of skilled or educated migrants, benefiting the destination country’s economy.
Conflicts
A situation where there is unease between migrants and local populations.
Demographic Impact
Changes in population size, structure, and age distribution due to migration.
Dependency Ratio
The ratio of dependents (young and elderly) to the working-age population; affected by migration.
Development
A broad term comprising social, economic, and political elements including standard of living, quality of life, and freedoms.
Development Gap
The difference in levels of development between countries, which migration can reduce or exacerbate.
Diaspora
A scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale; the global community of a nationality.
Economic Impact
Effects on labour markets, wages, remittances, and economic growth caused by migration.
Economic Migrant
A person who moves to another country or region to improve their standard of living or job opportunities.
Emigration
The out-migration of people from a country involving a permanent change of residence.
Environmental Refugee
A person displaced due to environmental factors such as drought, flooding, or rising sea levels.
EU Freedom of Movement
The right for EU citizens to move, live, and work freely in any member state.
Forced Migration
Movement of people due to coercion or threats to life and livelihood (e.g. war, persecution, natural disaster).
Global Governance
The management of global issues through international cooperation and agreements.
Globalisation
The growing interconnectedness of economies, societies, and cultures through trade, communication, and migration.
Growth
Usually concerned with economic expansion, though it can include social growth.
Immigration
The in-migration of people into a country involving a permanent change of residence.
Inequality
Unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, or wealth within and between countries.
Injustice
Unfairness, such as discrimination or persecution of minority groups.
Interdependence
Mutual reliance between countries through flows of people, goods, capital, and ideas.
Internal Migration
The movement of people within the same country, e.g. rural to urban migration.
