migration

Question 1

what is voluntary migration?

Answer 1

when the migrants choose to move- affected by push and pull factors but the final decision is their own- often economic migrants (moving for a job etc)

Question 2

what is forced migration?

Answer 2

when the migrants feel they have no alternative but to move. natural disaster may have destroyed their home, war , religious/ political prosecution - known as refugees but when they apply to stay their permantly they are asylum seekers

Question 3

what is step migration?

Answer 3

first people move to a local village/ town then to a regional city then to a capital city

Question 4

what is intra- urban migration

Answer 4

when people move withim an urban area

Question 5

what is counter urbanisation?

Answer 5

when people move from cities to live in rural villages or the countryside and commute into cities for work

Question 6

examples of push factors

Answer 6

low wages
low standards of living
poverty
lack of job opportunities
lack of resources- hospitals and schools
poor quality of life e.g poor housing
conflict/ war
persecution of minority groups
natural hazards

Question 7

examples of pull factors

Answer 7

higher wages- improved standard of living
more job opportunities
better amentities and services
improved quality of life- housing
freedom of oppression
better environment
tolerance of other beliefs/ religions

Question 8

what are some examples of barriers to migration?

Answer 8

cost
the journey
immigration laws

Question 9

what are some main migration streams?

Answer 9

europeans int north america
flow of african slaves into the americas
mexico, central america and caribbean into USA

Question 10

types of internal migration

Answer 10

rural- urban
urban-rural
rural-rural
urban-urban

Question 11

why is internal migration easier?

Answer 11

distance is shorter
social, economic and political barriers

Question 12

what are causes of rural- urban migration?

Answer 12

push & pull factors
economic development
mechanisation of commercial farming

Question 13

what impacts do internal migration have on rural areas?

Answer 13

hazards from abandoned land- drought
movement of people impacting quality of life + standard of living
women miss out on an education

Question 14

what impacts do internal migration have on cities?

Answer 14

high demand for jobs
informal economy
lack of investment
pressure on resources

Question 15

what is a case study for rural- urban migration?

Answer 15

brazil

Question 16

main flows of migration brazil

Answer 16

people moving from rainforest areas into cities such as Rio de Janiero and Sao Paulo

Question 17

causes of rural- urban migration

Answer 17

rural population growth- more villages have clean water and proper sewage disposal
mechanisation of farming- becomes more efficient, unemployment rates decrease
natural hazards- long droughts followed by floods- farmers give up and move to cities
industrialisation -morre jobs in cities, better paid and secure and better lifestyle

Question 18

impacts of rural- urban migration

Answer 18

extra workers have led to rapid industrial growth
low wages leads to favelas
informal economy flourished
schools and hospitals struggle w increase demand
severe overcrowding- increased traffic congestion = pollution

Question 19

how can the results of brazils rural- urban migration be managed?

Answer 19

police have introduced pacification
encourage TNCs- reduce people working in the informal economy
work to help improve their own homes and economy
public transport
improve the countryside conditions

Question 20

what is an example of urban- urban migration within brazil

Answer 20

rio -> barra

Question 21

what are some problems living in rio (push factors)

Answer 21

high crime rates
poor living standards
overcrowding
congested roads- polluted
cities built on narrow, congested roads
crime and drug abuse

Question 22

what are the benefits of living in barra? (pull factors)

Answer 22

safety
better standards of living
education for children
access to shops
modern apartment complexes with guards on gates
flowing traffic motorways
clean, cheap public transport

Question 23

what is counterurbanisation

Answer 23

process of population decentralisation as people move from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas

Question 24

what are the impacts of urban-rural migration on the place of origin?

Answer 24

loss of working people
richer people moving out of the city
less tax revenue

Question 25

what are the impacts of urban-rural migration on the rural town?

Answer 25

house prices rise busier roads overcrowded richer people population increases -> overcrowded town so congestion

Question 26

how can urban- rural migration be managed?

Answer 26

planners are trying to concentrate development on 'brownfield' sites close to the town centre rather than allowing the town to sprawl into the surrounding countryside, new jobs are being encouraged to reduce commuting housing associations have been building affordable houses that only locals are allowed to buy

Question 27

what is a case study of urban- rural migration?

Answer 27

andalucia, spain

Question 28

where is andalucia, spain and background info

Answer 28

southern most region of spain narrow coastal strip with high mountains many toursist resorts around the coast series of new motorways built

Question 29

push factors of andalucia

Answer 29

overcrowded and congested areas air and noise pollution high property prices high crime levels

Question 30

pull factors andalucia

Answer 30

lower property price better security better air quality larger house opportunities

Question 31

what is the role of naturbanisation

Answer 31

people have moved into the more scenic areas of the countryside-> national parks factor driving urban- rural migration Andalucia

Question 32

what is the role of international migration

Answer 32

not all buildings are occupied by locals many of the new residents are from northern europe-> tourism

Question 33

what is remittance?

Answer 33

money sent home to families by migrants working elsewhere

Question 34

what is a good example for impact of migration on the place of origin

Answer 34

Bulgaria

Question 35

what are the reasons for Bulgarias declining population?

Answer 35

economic decline reduction of barriers to migration

Question 36

what are the impacts of emmigration on bulgaria?

Answer 36

- the countrys economy is affected becuase of the decline in the working population which reduces productivity, reduces the GDP and reduces the governments tax revenue-> not enough workers to fully exploit the countrys resources - the ageing population puts pressure on government expenditure - older people feel lonely - death rates have risen - high emmigration rates have reduced the birth rate

Question 37

how has emmigration influenced governement policy?(bulgaria)

Answer 37

depopulation is a serious worry for the countrys government, no workers to pay for pensions and social welfare

Question 38

what is a good example (case study) for the impact of migration on the place of destination?

Answer 38

mexico to USA

Question 39

what have been the economic impacts of mexican migration on the USA?

Answer 39

-mexican migrants often take low paid, unskilled jobs as these offer higher wages - whenever unemployement rises in the USA americans want these menial jobs but they are already filled by migrants - some companies are replacing american labour with cheaper migrant labour - legal mexican migrants are working and paying taxes -> helps to pay for social spending and infrastructure development in the UK - remittances sent back to families

Question 40

what have been the social and political impacts of mexican migration on the USA?

Answer 40

- intergration has been difficult - concerns migrants are increasing the crime rate - positive development- introduction of new foods - spanish is now taught in american schools - influx of new healthier labourers into the US from mexico - use of public services by illegal mexican immigrants critised - many mexicans have become uncomfortable with spanish speaking

Question 41

whats an example of international migration from a country in europe to the UK

Answer 41

POLAND

Question 42

what were the push factors for the poles?

Answer 42

high unemployment rates at 19% low wages housing shortages and overcrowding

Question 43

what were the pull factors for the poles?

Answer 43

- ease of migration - english is spoken as a second language-> makes move easier - improvements in technology and more accessible makes movement easier - plenty of jobs and high wages -> ul had a skills shortage e.g in dentistry, plumbing - polish workers were able to earn 5x more - good exchange rate

Question 44

what was the average age of the migrants and what work were they doing in the UK?

Answer 44

avg age 18-34 (early working population) - many men worked in light industries-> food processing/packaging and on building sites - many women worked in restaurants and hotels or as nannies/ cleaners

Question 45

TRUE OR FALSE? poles settled in big cities

Answer 45

FALSE they settled in small towns and rural areas such as Boston reflected what work they were doing

Question 46

give examples for advantages of the migrants on the UK

Answer 46

- uk economy grew - migrants filled gaps in the labour market - new migrants were prepared to work hard and for lower wages - sale of polish food - purchasing power grew -> contributed to the economy

Question 47

give examples for disadvantages of the migrants on the UK

Answer 47

- benefit tourism - harder for small settlements to absorb large numbers of migrants - some schools had to recruit specialist language teachers - many migrants lived in cramp conditions - many british resented the polish for taking 'british' jobs

Question 48

advantages of polish migration on the source country

Answer 48

- more than half of the poles sent remittances home- boosted the economy - housing shortages and employment reduced - migrants returned home with new skills

Question 49

how did the uk react to this immigration?

Answer 49

uk residents thought uk couldnt cope with large number of immigrants- pressure on hosuing, schools and hospitals government didnt restrict access but put them under the Worker Registration Scheme

Question 49

disadvantages of polish migration on the source country

Answer 49

- rapidly growing shortage of skilled workers in poland-> slowing economic growth - ageing population