Geography > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define migration

A

the movement of people from one place to another, involving a change of address and lasting for a long period of time (at least a year)

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2
Q

Define circulation

A

the non-permanent movement of people from one place to another, lasting for less than a year and not involving a change of address. This could be daily (e.g commuting to and from work), weekly (e.g going on holiday) or seasonal (e.g university students leaving home during term time)

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3
Q

What is forced migration

A

The long term movement of people from one place to another because they have no choice but to leave their own or risk serious harm. Causes may be a natural disaster, war or persecution. Many people may cross into a new country becoming asylum seekers or refugees, or move somewhere else within the same country (internally displaced persons)

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4
Q

What is voluntary migration

A

The long term movement of people who are making an active choice to relocate after weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of their origin and destination locations

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5
Q

What is economic migration

A

the most common form of voluntary migration, in which the long term movement of people is motivated by a desire to get a job, a better paid job, greater job security or a job with greater prospects of career advancement

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6
Q

What is internal migration

A

long term movement of people within a country

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7
Q

what is international migration

A

long term movement of people across the border of a country

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8
Q

What is emigration/ emigrant

A

long term movement out of an area, usually a country/ a person leaving an area (usually a country) from at least a year, involving a change of address

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9
Q

What is immigration/ immigrant

A

long term movement into an area (usually a country)/ a person entering an area (usually a country) for at least a year, involving a change of address

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10
Q

What is net migration

A

number of immigrants—number of emigrants. It tells you overall, whether more people are entering or leaving a country

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11
Q

What is a push factor

A

a negative characteristic of an origin location that makes people want to leave it

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12
Q

What is a pull factors

A

an attractive characteristic of a destination location that draws migrants towards it

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13
Q

Obstacle

A

a factor that makes migration more challenging. It can be physical (e.g a mountain range or ocean), financial (e.g the cost of the journey), political (e.g visa requirements) or psychological (e.g. fear of the unknown)

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14
Q

How is migration a component of population change

A

-if immigration> emigration population will increase (net migration)
-there is some connection between natural increase and migration as many migrant communities, especially from developing/ emerging countries have above average fertility rates

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15
Q

What are push factors for migration

A

-harsh climate
-conflict
-high unemployment
-persecution
-natural disasters (e.g earthquakes and drought)
-low wages
-low quality of life
-poor access to schools/hospitals
-few leisure/recreation opportunities
-shortage of housing
-poverty

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16
Q

What are obstacles for migration

A

-physical barriers (ocean, mountain range)
-fear of unknown
-border control/security
-cost of journey
-lack of paperwork (e.g visa)
-travel restrictions (e.g Covid)

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17
Q

What are pull factors for migration

A

-cheap land
-no hazards
-high job security
-peaceful, stable political climate
-good healthcare and education
-tolerance of believes/ lifestyle/ groups
-demand for labour
-low taxes

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18
Q

What 4 ways does globalisation affect migration

A

-modern communications
-modern transport
-relaxed national borders
-overview

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19
Q

How does globalisation of modern communications affect migration

A

-due to social media and the internet, would-be migrants can ‘see and feel’ distant places without leaving their home and the amount and reliability of information has increased over the past decades
-this reduces the risk of moving to an unknown and unwelcoming locations, reducing the fear of the unknown as a psychological obstacle
-modern internet based communication allows migrants to stay in touch with family and friends in their previous country reducing obstacles such a homesickness

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20
Q

How does globalisation of modern transport affect migration

A

-journey to other parts of the world are now generally quicker, safer, cheaper
-this allows more migrants to make the initial journey
-it also allows more migrants to travel back home periodically to see family and friends reducing homesickness as an obstacle

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21
Q

How does globalisation creating relaxed national borders affect migration

A

-trading blocs such as the EU often relax restrictions on movement of people across national boundaries
-e.g any citizen of any EU country has the right to travel freely to and work in other EU countries

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22
Q

How has globalisation affected migration (overview)

A

-the volume and rate of flows of people moving around the world has increased exponentially in recent decades
-the factors that have enables migration have made it much easier to be an international migrant

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23
Q

Define refugee

A

a person forced to leave their home country due to fear of persecution or due to conflict and violence

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24
Q

Define asylum seeker

A

a person who has left their home country due to fears of persecution, war or violence and has applied for their legal recognition as a refugee in another country

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25
Define internally displaced person
someone forced to flee their home country due to conflict, violence or persecution who remains within their own country’s borders
26
Define returnee
A refugee of asylum seeker who has voluntarily returned to their own country of an IDP who has returned home
27
What type of migration is economic migration
-voluntary -internal and international
28
What are the push factors for economic migration
-high unemployment -low wages -lack of job security -low prospects of career advancement -high tax rates
29
What are the pull factors for economic migration
-low unemployment -high demand for labour -high wages -high job security -high prospects of career advancement -low tax rates
30
What is sport migration
-a form of economic migration that reflects the globalisation of sport as part of the entertainment industry -elite sportsmen and women commonly move within or between countries when they sign for new clubs and franchises
31
What type of migration is sport migration
-voluntary -internal and international
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What are the push factors of sport migration
-lower wages -lack of opportunity to play top level sport -feeling of having met all challenges at current club -high tax rates
33
What are the pull factors of sport migration
-higher wages -opportunity to play sport at a higher level -excitement of new challenges -opportunity to play international sport is residency rules are met -low tax rates
34
What is medical migration
-circulation rather than migration -involves travelling to other countries fro procedures that are either unavailable or more expensive in your own country -it typically relates to cosmetic procedures such as liposuction, weight loss surgery and dental implants
35
What type of migration is medical migration
-voluntary -mostly international
36
What are the push factors of medical migration
-high cost of treatment -long waiting list -lack of availability of treatment
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What are the pull factors of medical migration
-low cost of treatment -short waiting lists
38
What is retirement migration
-when a person is no longer ties to a location for a job they have freedom to choose where they live based on other factors
39
What type of migration is retirement migration
-voluntary -internal and international
40
What are the push factors for retirement migration
-larger houses than needed now children have left home -poor climate -lack of green space -lack of beautiful scenery -hectic pace of life -air pollution -high crime rates
41
What are pull factors of retirement migration
-smaller, cheaper houses better suited to the needs of retirees -warm, sunny climate -green space -beautiful scenery -sea views -low pollution -low crime rates -relaxed pace of life
42
What is tourism
circulation rather than migration
43
What type of migration is tourism
-voluntary -internal and international
44
What are the impacts of voluntary, international and economic migration on the place or origin
Advantages -remittances (money sent home) provides additional income to support family -remittances are an additional injection of money into the country’s of origin’s economy -reduces competition for jobs means lower unemployment -reduced pressure on services such as healthcare -reduced pressure on housing market reduces overcrowding and high house prices Disadvantages -family and friends left behind suffer from reduced well-being due to separation
45
What are the impacts of voluntary, international and economic migration on the destination place
Advantages -immigrants work very hard, increasing productivity and growth of national economy -immigrants are often happy to do lower paid jobs that native workers usually avoid -more taxes paid allows the gov to invest more in healthcare, education and infrastructure -lots of migrant workers keep wages low which is good for employers Disadvantages -increased pressure on housing and healthcare -resentment among native population who feel that they have been outcompeted for jobs, prices out of houses or unable to access services such as healthcare
46
What are the impacts of voluntary, international and economic migration on the migrant
Advantages -opportunity to earn higher wages than in the country of origin improving quality of life -opportunity to improve language skills Disadvantages -negative experience of xenophobia -homesickness due to missing family and friends in origin country
47
What are the impacts of voluntary, national migration (retirees) on the place of origin
Advantages -a family’s sized home becomes available, helpful for young families -reduced pressure on services such a s healthcare Disadvantages -reduced well being for family and friends left behind
48
What are the impacts of voluntary, national migration (retirees) on the destination place
Advantages -benefits to local voluntary organisations as new retirees often seek to fill their time with new activities -local economy benefits from retirees who are on a good pension and often have high disposable incomes Disadvantages -adds to ageing profile of the are, resulting in grater demand on healthcare services
49
What are the impacts of voluntary, national migration (retirees) on the migrant
Advantages -increased well being due to clean air and slower pace of life Disadvantages -challenge of adjusting to life in a new location and a new social circle -adjusting to a smaller house after downsizing -nostalgia for place of origin including missing their old house , friends and family
50
What are the impacts of voluntary, national, rural-urban migration migration from the countryside to the capital city on the place of origin
Advantages -encourages more young adults to move to the city as they have an established network of friends there and more opportunities Disadvantages -loss of young, physically fit workers results in a reduction in productivity of agriculture which could lead to a reduction in crop yield
51
What are the impacts of voluntary, national, rural-urban migration migration from the countryside to the capital city on the destination place
Disadvantages -additional overcrowding in shanty towns, increased risk of disease spread -many migrants come from agricultural backgrounds so lack the skills needed for formal sector employment leading to further growth of the informal sector -greater pressure on services which are already overwhelmed from rapid urbanisation e.g healthcare and education -more traffic congestion as road networks cannot keep up with population growth leading to traffic jams and air pollution
52
What are the impacts of voluntary, national, rural-urban migration migration from the countryside to the capital city on the migrant
Advantages -possibility of better education for children up to primary school level -may feel that their chances of economic and social progression are higher than if they stayed in their village Disadvantages -challenging life within informal sector e.g long hours, low irregular pay etc -greater exposure to urban risks e.g pollution and crime
53
What are the impacts of forced (physical factors) and international migration on the place of origin
Advantages -fewer potential deaths and injuries -fewer displaced people for government to support Disadvantages -worry for family members remain in country of origin who will find it hard to communicate with migrant in refugee camp
54
What are the impacts of forced (physical factors) and international migration on the destination place
Disadvantages -overcrowded, unsanitary controls for displaced people in refugee camps-high risk of disease spreading -destination government unable to provide food, water and medication for migrants
55
What are the impacts of forced (physical factors) and international migration on the migrant
Disadvantages -psychological trauma from fleeing home due to natural disaster -loss of home and possessions due to natural disaster -inadequate food supply in refugee camps leading to hunger
56
What are the impacts of forced (human factors) -due to conflict and international migration on the place of origin
Advantages -fewer potential deaths and injuries in the fighting -fewer people to provide shelter, food and water for within the country meaning less stress on government which may not be functioning Disadvantages -worry and lost contact for family members remaining in country of origin
57
What are the impacts of forced (human factors) -due to conflict and international migration on the destination place
Advantages -increased labour force could boost economic production Disadvantages -more refugees to be provided with housing and support -increase pressure on healthcare and education services
58
What are the impacts of forced (human factors) -due to conflict and international migration on the migrant
Disadvantages -psychological trauma due,a from fleeing home country in fear of life during conflict -sense of loss, home, friends, former life
59
What are the impacts of forced, national, rural-urban migration due to starvation and drought on the place of origin
Advantages -fewer potential deaths from starvation -reduced pressure on dwindling grazing resources may increase chances of survival for any people who stay Disadvantages -worry and lost contact for family members remaining in place of origin
60
What are the impacts of forced, national, rural-urban migration due to starvation and drought on the destination place
Advantages -support from NGO’s such as Oxfam, provision of emergency aid Disadvantages -more IDP’s that need to be provided with shelter, food, water and medication -hostility from existing residents who may be worried about safeguarding own food supply
61
What are the impacts of forced, national, rural-urban migration due to starvation and drought on the migrant
Disadvantages -anxiety about finding a destination with increased food supply -sense of loss as family and home are left behind
62
What is national migration
Movement of people from one area to another within the same country
63
What developed country is our case study for migration
The UK
64
How did the UK manage migration after WW2
-following WW2, the uk had a huger demand for labour to help reconstruct the country following the war -in 1948, the government passed the British nationality Act which conveyed UK citizenship of all commonwealth subjects and recognised their right to live and work in the Uk and bring their families -almost 1 million immigrants arrived from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, west Africa and the Caribbean
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66
When was the British nationality act passed
1948
67
After the British nationality act was passed what were the reactions
-the influx of commonwealth migrants was not welcomed by everyone- some people resents jobs going to migrants and the increased cultural diversity of Britain -tension between white British people and ethnic minority groups lead to rioting in some areas such as Notting Hill in 1958 -in 1968, conservative politician Enoch Powell delivers the anti immigration ‘rivers of blood’ speech -the 1971 immigration act was passed which closed the immigration policy for commonwealth citizens -under the act, commonwealth citizens had no more rights than migrants from any other country’s and they could only come to the uk if they were granted a work permit
68
When was the first immigration act passed
1971
69
What happened in 1972
-Ugandan dictator Idi Amin expelled 60000 Asians from the former British colony -of the 60,000 forces migrants 30000 sought asylum in the uk and were granted refugee status
70
When did the Uk join the European economic community (EU)
-1973 -it guaranteed freedom to move to and work in other member states for all citizens
71
What happened in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s
-in the late 1990’s the Uk economy was booming and there was a high demand for labour however there was a low desire amongst British workers to do low-paid manual work creating a high need for a immigrant workforce -the Uk gov welcomed economic migrants from other EU countries -when Poland and 7 other Eastern European countries joined the EU in 2004, this immigration flow increased to hundreds of thousands per year
72
When was the Brexit referendum
2016
73
Why did brexit happen
-one factor was the dire to have autonomy in setting border control policies rather than having open-door policy for all migrants from EU countries -brexit paved the way for the UK’s withdrawal from the EU in 2020
74
What was the immigration act in 2020
-after Brexit the uk has employed a points based approach to immigration which encourages immigration only of people who possess skills of which the UK has a shortage -to receive a skilled worker visa, the would-be economic migrants must get 70 points -having a job offer from a uk employer (20) -with a salary of at least £38,700 (20) -performing a skilled job (20) -speaking English (10) -PhD in a STEM subject (20)
75
What happened in 2022
-in an effort to discourage the dangerous crossing of the channel by small boats filled with migrants, the conservative gov signed a deal with Rwanda in 22022 to deport any migrant who enters Britain illegally -asylum claims will them be processed in Rwanda and could be granted refugee status in that country -the UK paid Rwanda £120 millions up front but no deportation have taken place due to ongoing legal challenges
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