Mini Final

Question 1

What is the primary focus of the humanistic approach to personality?

Answer 1

personal empowerment

Question 2

The psychodynamic approach suggests that we use ___ to avoid anxiety?

Answer 2

defense mechanisms

Question 3

Reciprocal determinism suggests that ___ shapes our thoughts and behaviors, and vice versa?

Answer 3

environment

Question 4

What is the acronym that is used for the “Big 5” factors of personality?

Answer 4

OCEAN

Question 5

The amygdala is involved in _____aspects of personality.

Answer 5

emotionality

Question 6

The Phineas Gace case suggested that the _____ lobes are important in personality?

Answer 6

frontal

Question 7

What is the term that refers to a broad, general pattern of mood and behavior that is observed in people of all ages, even newborns?

Answer 7

temperament

Question 8

The biological approach assumes that part of personality is due to neural anatomy, chemistry, and _______.

Answer 8

genetics

Question 9

Adler made the unproven proposition that _______ influences personality?

Answer 9

birth order

Question 10

In Freud’s theory, ______ operates based on the reality principle.

Answer 10

ego

Question 11

In Freud’s theory, _____ operates based on the pleasure principle.

Answer 11

id

Question 12

Who first developed the psychodynamic approach to personality?

Answer 12

Freud

Question 13

What consists of mental and behavioral tendencies that are consistent over time and place.

Answer 13

personality

Question 14

In the achievement motivation framework, _____ goals are are based on intrinsic rewards.

Answer 14

mastery

Question 15

In the achievement motivation framework, _____ goals are extrinsic.

Answer 15

performance

Question 16

What is the distinctive difference between Lazarus’ cognitive mediational theory and James, Lang, Cannon Bard, and Schacter-Singer and their theories of emotion?

Answer 16

belief that we have a physiological response after we experience emotion

Question 17

What is a finding that supports the idea that emotional expression has a biological basis?

Answer 17

infants all around the world make similar facial expressions when tasting disgusting food

Question 18

Maslow suggested that needs for ______ need to be fulfilled first, before people can move on to other levels of the hierarchy.

Answer 18

food and water

Question 19

Incentive theory suggests that motivation often comes from ______ that guide behavior.

Answer 19

external rewards

Question 20

Drive reduction theory focuses on explaining motivation for _____.

Answer 20

avoiding negative physical states

Question 21

The three biological explanations for motivation include ______.

Answer 21

instinctive theory, drive reduction theory, and optimal arousal theory

Question 22

Which term refers to the ability to understand or share someone else’s feelings?

Answer 22

empathy

Question 23

Which framework categorizes a person’s mindset about a goal based on two dimensions: approach vs. avoidance and performance vs. mastery?

Answer 23

achievement motivation

Question 24

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, in which order do priorities appear?

Answer 24

physiological needs, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization

Question 25

Which motivation is emphasized in self-determination theory?

Answer 25

personal fulfillment

Question 26

Which term refers to a state of physiological balance in which all our basic biological needs are met?

Answer 26

homeostasis

Question 27

What is an inner drive that guides behavior toward achieving a specific goal?

Answer 27

motivation

Question 28

The serial position curve illustrates the finding that it’s easier to recall information that appears ______.

Answer 28

information acquired after an event

Question 29

What do multiple-choice questions test?

Answer 29

recognition

Question 30

The spacing effect suggests that ______ is not an effective way to study.

Answer 30

cramming

Question 31

______ occurs when a memory exists but you can’t access it.

Answer 31

retrieval failure

Question 32

Miller (1956) found that the “magic number” of items that most people could remember at a time was ______, plus or minus two

Answer 32

seven

Question 33

Procedural memories are ______ skills that require effort and practice to acquire, but once learned can be performed mostly without thinking.

Answer 33

motor

Question 34

The episodic buffer integrates auditory, spatial, and visual information ______.

Answer 34

chronologically

Question 35

Which type of sensory information does echoic memory retain for several seconds?

Answer 35

auditory

Question 36

John repeats a phone number to himself over and over to remember it as he searches for his phone. Which strategy is John using?

Answer 36

maintenance rehearsal

Question 37

James is a champion ice skater. He primarily uses his ______ memory to perform on the ice.

Answer 37

procedural

Question 38

The phonological loop is an aspect of working memory that can temporarily store ______.

Answer 38

auditory information

Question 39

Sensory memory holds information for up to a few ___ before it disappears.

Answer 39

seconds

Question 40

What are the two main types of explicit memory?

Answer 40

semantic and episodic

Question 41

The multi-store model consists of sensory memory, ______, and long-term memory.

Answer 41

working