1
Q
All EU bodies
A
- 4 decision-making institutions: COM, Council, European Council, Parliament.
- 3 other institutions: CJEU, ECB and ECA.
- 7 bodies: EEAS, EESC, CoR, EIB, Ombudsman, European Data Protection Supervisor, European Data Protection Board.
- 4 interinstitutional services: Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-EU), European School of Administrators, EPSO, Publications Office.
- 35 decentralised agencies and 6 executive agencies.
2
Q
Policy are became EU competency in:
A
- internal market: commmon market with Treaty of Rome in 1958, internal market wtih SEA
- customs union: 1968
- energy; Maastricht,
3
Q
Water Framework Directive aim
A
Setting out rules to halt deterioration in the status of EU water bodies and achieve good status for Europe’s rivers, lakes and groundwater.
It requires Member States to use their River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) and Programmes of Measures (PoMs) to protect and, where necessary, restore water bodies in order to reach good status, and to prevent deterioration. Good status means both good chemical and good ecological status.
4
Q
Nature restoration law target and stats on ecosystems
A
- 81% of habitats are in poor status
- One in three bee and butterfly species are in decline
- Every 1 euroinvested into nature restoration adds €4 to €38 in benefits
The regulation combines an overarching restoration objective for the long-term recovery of nature in the EU’s land and sea areas with binding restoration targets for specific habitats and species.
The law will:
- Require Member States to develop National Restoration Plans taking account of national circumstances
- Restore at least 20% of EU land and sea by 2030, and all ecosystems in need of restoration by 2050
- Build on EU nature laws, focusing on all natural habitats, and not just those protected under Birds and Habitats Directives or Natura 2000
- Demonstrate EU leadership in protecting and restoring nature and set the bar for global action ahead of the Biodiversity COP1
5
Q
Nature restoration law targets
A
- restore habitats and species protected by the EU nature legislation
- reverse the decline of pollinators by 2030
- no net loss of green urban spaces by 2030 and a minimum of 10% tree canopy cover in European cities
- improved biodiversity on farmland e.g. for grassland butterflies, farmland birds, high-diversity landscape features
- restore drained peatlands healthier forests with improved biodiversity
- at least 25.000 km free-flowing rivers by 2030
- restore seagrasses and sea bottoms
6
Q
When can Ombudsman open investigation? what can tehy not investigate?
A
The Ombudsman can open an investigation on her own initiative or following a complaint, if an EU institution or body fails to respect:
- fundamental rights
- legal rules or principles
- the principles of good administration.
Complaints may relate to:
- access to information
- administrative delay
- unfairness or discrimination
- lack of transparency.
The Ombudsman cannot investigate:
- complaints against national, regional, or local authorities in Member States, even when the complaints are related to EU matters;
- the activities of national courts or ombudsmen;
- complaints against businesses or private individuals.
7
Q
List of ORs (9)
A
Five French overseas departments – Martinique, Mayotte, Guadeloupe, French Guiana and Réunion;
One French overseas community – Saint-Martin;
Two Portuguese autonomous regions – Madeira and the Azores;
One Spanish autonomous community – the Canary Islands.
8
Q
OCTs list and rights
A
linked to Denmark: Greenland
linked to Netherlands: Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten
linked to France: French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Territories, New Caledonia, Saint Barthélemy, St. Pierre et Miquelon, Wallis et Futuna Islands
The OCTs have wide-ranging autonomy, covering areas such as economic affairs, employment market, public health, home affairs and customs, while defense and foreign affairs usually remain within the remit of the Member States.
Relations between the OCTs and the EU date back to the signature of the Treaty of Rome in 1957. OCTs are neither part of the EU territory nor of the EU single market. Through the Association, the OCTs enjoy a special political, cooperation and commercial partnership with the EU (duty-free and quota-free access to the EU market).
9
Q
List of years
A
2023-2024 - European Year of Skills
2022 - European Year of Youth
2021 – European Year of Rail
2018 – European Year for Cultural Heritage
2015 – European Year for Development
2013-2014 – European Year of Citizens
10
Q
ICT standardisation priority areas
A
5G, Internet of Things, cloud computing, cybersecurity and data technologies
11
Q
DSA and DMA goals
A
- To create a safer digital space in which the fundamental rights of all users of digital services are protected
- To establish a level playing field to foster innovation, growth, and competitiveness, both in the European Single Market and globally.
12
Q
DSA criteria
A
- The DSA classifies platforms or search engines that have more than 45 million users per month in the EU as very large online platforms (VLOPs) or very large online search engines (VLOSEs).
- The Commission will revoke its decision if the platform or search engine does not reach the threshold of 45 million monthly users anymore during one full year.
-
13
Q
DMA and DSA sanctions
A
DMA
- Fines of up to 10% of the company’s total worldwide annual turnover, or up to 20% in the event of repeated infringements
- Periodic penalty payments of up to 5% of the average daily turnover
DSA
- fines up to 6% of the global turnover of the VLOP or VLOSE concerned
- apply periodic penalties up to 5% of the average daily worldwide turnover for each day of delay in complying with remedies
- At last resort measure, f the infringement persists and causes serious harm to users and entails criminal offences involving threat to persons’ life or safety, the Commission can request the temporary suspension of the service
14
Q
DMA gatekeeper criteria
A
All 3 criteria have to be met:
- The Organisation has the ability to have a significant impact on the EU internal markets: nnual EU-wide group turnover of at least EUR 7.5 billion in each of the last three financial years or where the business’ average market capitalization or equivalent fair market value amounted to at least EUR 75 billion in the last financial yea
- Core Platforms Service is an important gateway for business users to reach end users: core platform service has more than 45 million monthly active end users established or located in the Union and more than 10,000 yearly active business users established in the Union in the last financial year
- The Organisation’s Core platform service has an (established or expected) entrenched and durable position. This criterion is presumed to be met when the user number thresholds have been met in each of the last three financial years.
15
Q
EU Hybrid Toolbox.
A
- The Strategic Compass for Security and Defence, approved by the Council in 2022, calls for the development of an EU Hybrid Toolbox that brings together existing and possible new instruments to detect and respond to a broad range of hybrid threats.
- This includes the creation of EU Hybrid Rapid Response Teams adaptable to various hybrid threats and drawing on relevant sectoral national and EU civilian and military expertise.
16
Q
cyber diplomacy: 4 elements
A
- cyber diplomacy toolbox: join diplomatic respionse
- Sanctions against cyberattacks: deter and respond to cyberattacks which constitute an external threat to the EU or its member states. More specifically, this framework allows the EU, for the first time, to impose sanctions on persons or entities that are responsible for cyberattacks or attempted cyberattacks, cyber-attacks which have a significant impact on and originate or are carried out from outside the EU,
- EU cybersecurity strategy from 2020, reinfoces cyber defence coordination and cooperation and the establishment of cyber defence capabilities
- EU policy on cyber defenec in 2022
17
Q
Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference framework
A
- Rapid Alert System (RAS) on disinformation to enable joint activities with other EU institutions and the Member States.
- omprehensive framework and methodology for systematic collection of evidence of FIMI incidents. also through Information Sharing and Analysis Centre (FIMI ISAC).
- EU’s Toolbox to tackle FIMI (FIMI Toolbox), to impose costs on the perpetrators.
18
Q
GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
A
The GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development is a regional organization of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova.
Founded in 1997
19
Q
Central European Free Trade Agreement
A
The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is an international trade agreement between countries mostly located in Southeastern Europe.
As of 2024, the parties of the CEFTA agreement are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia.
20
Q
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)
A
The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) is a regional international organization focusing on multilateral political and economic initiatives aimed at fostering cooperation, peace, stability and prosperity in the Black Sea region
SInce 1992
21
Q
4 types of procedures EC
A
Oral procedure: the Commission takes decisions — mostly of major political or economic importance — during its ordinary or extra-ordinary meetings.
Written procedure: decisions are adopted when Members of the Commission do not express reservations or request changes to a draft act put at their disposal within a predetermined time limit.
Empowerment procedure: the Commission empowers one or more Commissioners to take management or administrative measures on its behalf.
Delegation procedure: the Commission delegates the power to adopt certain management or administrative measures on its behalf to directors-general or heads of service.
22
Q
Quorum College and majority
A
The number of Members present required to constitute a quorum shall be equal to a majority of the number of Members specified in the Treaty.
Commission decisions shall be adopted if a majority of the number of Members specified in the Treaty vote in favour. This majority shall be required irrespective of the tenor and nature of the decision.
23
Q
European Data Protection Board and European Data Protection Supervisor
A
The EDPB is an independent body that ensures the consistent application of data protection rules throughout the EU, and promotes cooperation between national data protection authorities in the EU.
The EDPS ensures that EU institutions and bodies respect people’s right to privacy when processing their personal data.
24
Q
European Cybersecurity Competence Centre
A
Aim: increase Europe’s cybersecurity capacities and competitiveness, working together with a Network of National Coordination Centres (NCCs)
Task: funding and coordinating cybersecurity research projects
Formed in 2021
HQ: Bucharest
25
Interinstituional services of the EU
- The European School of Administration provides training in specific areas for EU staff and works in close cooperation with the training departments of all the institutions to avoid any duplication of effort.
- CERT-EU manages threats to EU institutions' computer systems – supporting IT security teams in each EU institution and liaising with public-sector CERT counterparts in EU countries.
- EPSO is the EU’s selection office. It organises competitions to recruit candidates to work for EU institutions and agencies.
- The Publications Office of the European Union is the official provider of publishing services to all EU institutions, bodies and agencies. As such, it is the central point of access to EU law, publications, open data, research results, procurement notices and other official information.
26
Common foreign and security policy agencies
- EDA
- EUISS
- European Union Satelite Centre
27
Principles of good administrative conduct (Paert of Code of Good administrative behaviou)
- Lawfulness
- Non-discrimination and equal treatment
- Proportionality (measures taken should be proportional to the aim pursued)
- Consistency.
28
Guidelines for good administrative behaviour (part of Code of Good administrative behaviour)
Objectivity and impartiality
Staff shall always act objectively and impartially, in the interest of the Union and for the public good. They shall act independently within the framework of the policy set by the Commission and their conduct shall never be guided by personal or national interests or political pressure.
Information on administrative procedures
Where a member of the public requires information relating to an administrative procedure of the Commission, staff shall ensure that this information is provided within the deadline set for the relevant procedure.
29
Complaints procedure
Wiht EC:
- The Director-General or Head of Service shall reply to any such complaint in writing, within 2 months. The complainant then has 1 month to request the Secretary-General of the European Commission to review the outcome of the complaint. The Secretary-General shall reply to the request for review within 1 month.
WIht Ombbudsman directly
30
Dealing with enquiries (Part of Code of Good Administrative Behaviour)
- Requests for documents (own articles)
- Correspondence: EC reply within 15 working days from the date of receipt of the correspondence
- Telephone communication: When answering the telephone, staff shall identify themselves or their service. They shall return telephone calls as promptly as possible.
- Requests from the media: The Spokesperson’s Service is responsible for contacts with the media. However, staff may answer requests for information that concern technical subjects falling within their specific areas of responsibility.
31
Scientific Advice Mechanism
The Scientific Advice Mechanism is a service created by the European Commission which provides independent science advice on request directly to European Commissioner
The Mechanism consists of three parts:
- the Group of Chief Scientific Advisors, an expert group consisting of up to seven leading scientists;
- SAPEA, a consortium of five European academy networks collectively representing around 120 academies and learned societies across Europe;
- and a unit within the European Commission (Unit RTD.02 Science Policy, Advice and Ethics) which serves as a secretariat to the Advisors.[4]
32
Types of trade agreements
Trade agreements differ depending on their content:
- Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) - support the development of trade partners from African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
- Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) - enable reciprocal market opening with developed countries and emerging economies by granting preferential access to markets
- Association Agreements (AAs) - bolster broader political agreements
The EU also enters into non-preferential trade agreements, as part of broader deals such as Partnership and Cooperation Agreements (PCAs).
33
Right of access to documents
Sumary: Any citizen of the Union, and any natural or legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State, has a right of access to documents of the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union, whatever their medium. This right is enshrined in article 42 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights.
34
RIghts of EU citizenship
- right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the European Parliament
- right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections
- right to good administration
- right of access to documents
- european ombudsman
- right to petition
- freedom of movement and of residence
- diplomatic and consular protection
35
Dignity rights: Art 1.5 CFR
human dignity
right to life
right to the integrity of the person
prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
prohibition of slavery and forced labour
36
Freedoms in CFR
right to liberty and security
respect for private and family life
protection of personal data
right to marry and right to found a family
freedom of thought, conscience and religion
freedom of expression and information
freedom of assembly and of association
freedom of the arts and sciences
right to education
freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work
freedom to conduct a business
right to property
right to asylum
protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition
37
Equality in CFR
equality before the law
non-discrimination
cultural, religious and linguistic diversity
equality between women and men
the rights of the child
the rights of the elderly
integration of persons with disabilities
38
Justice rights CFR
- right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial
- presumption of innocence and right of defence
- principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties
- right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal proceedings for the same criminal offence
39
Locations of COPs and coutcome
2024: COP 29 in Baku. Outcome:
- Baku Climate Unity Pact: t calls on “all actors” to raise at least $1.3 trillion per year, and on developed countries to lead the mobilization of at least $300 billion, by 2035.
- Triple finance to developing countries, from the previous goal of USD 100 billion annually, to USD 300 billion annually by 2035.
- carbon trading
2023: COP 28 in Dubai: Outcome:
- First Global Stocktake
- call on governments to speed up the transition away from fossil fuels to renewables such as wind and solar power in their next round of climate commitments.
2022: COP 27 in Sharm El Sheikh. Outcome: agreement on loss and damage fund
40
Three forms of petitions
Petitions are defined as follows:
‘for information’ (indicating where further information may be obtained);
‘for further action’ (take into account in legislative proposals or political action);
‘for opinion’ (requiring a written response from the competent Parliamentary Committee).
41
First EU Ambassaor for Gender and Diversity
Stella Ronner-Grubačić, since 2021
42
Single Market Emergency Instrument SMEI: what it does, relations wiht other emerency tools
1. Creating a crisis governance architecture for the Single Market wiht three stages: contingency, vigilance, emegency mode
2. Vigilance: Monitoring the supply chains of goods and services of strategic importance
* Building up strategic reserves of identified goods of strategic importance
* Facilitates public procurement of identified goods or services of strategic
importance
3. Emergency: Freeze on new restrictions to the free movement of goods, services and people, Requests for information from economic operators, targeted derogations of harmonised product legislation
Relations wiht otehr emergency tools:
- SMEI does not apply when other EU
instruments lay down crisis relevant
provisions such as HERA (Health
Emergency Preparedness and Response
Authority), the EU Chips Act or the UCPM
(EU civil protection mechanism)
- Introduces possible derogations
to EU harmonised product
legislation to allow for a quicker
placing on the market of crisisrelevant goods.
43
NEB valuers
sustainability, from climate goals to circularity, zero pollution, and biodiversity
aesthetics, quality of experience and style beyond functionality
inclusion, from valuing diversity to securing accessibility and affordability
44
NEB works by
- engaging people at a grassroots level, focusing on neighbourhoods
- providing tools and guidance
- offering tailor-made solutions for different communities
- incorporating the views of various stakeholders into the process of design and implementation
- prioritising people and social inclusion but also the
economy to boost competitiveness and EU strategic autonomy
45
How many EC PRES from which country?
LUX: 3 Gaston Thorn, Santer, Juncker)
DE: 2 (Hallstein, VDL)
FR: 2 (Ortoli, Delors)
BE: 1 (Jean Rey)
IT: 2 (Malfatti, Prodi)
NL: 1 (Mansholt)
ES: 1 (Marin)
UK: 1 (Joy Renkings)
PT: 1 (Barroso)
46
TAIEX?
TAIEX is the Technical Assistance and Information Exchange instrument of the European Commission. TAIEX supports public administrations with regard to the approximation, application and enforcement of EU legislation as well as facilitating the sharing of EU best practices.
47
Targeted professions falling under automatic recognition under diretive 2005/36(EC?
doctors;
nurses responsible for general care;
dental practitioners;
veterinary surgeons;
midwives;
pharmacists;
architects.
48
Europaen Professional card available for?
Physiotherapist
Nurse responsible for general care
Pharmacist
Real estate agent
Mountain guide
49
Uniary patent court: MS who have signed and ratified
Signed: 24, all but Spain, Croatia
Ratified: 18: All 24, but Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Greece, Cyprus, Ireland, Poland
50
European Patent Convention
In 1973
European patent is not a unitary right, but a group of essentially independent nationally enforceable, nationally revocable patents
Members: 39
51
European Patent Organisation
Composed of EPO and he Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation.
- EPO executive body
- Administrative Counicl supervisory body
Created in 1977.
The organisation is independent from the European Union, and has as member states all 27 EU member states along with 12 other European states
Public international organisation created in 1977 by its contracting states to grant patents in Europe under the European Patent Convention (EPC) of 1973.
The European Patent Organisation has legal personality,[16] and is represented by the President of the European Patent Office
52
4 annexes of CWP
1) new initiatives
2) EValution, and fitness checks, and propsal to rationalise reporting requirements
3) Penidng proposals where we want EP and Council to agree
4) Withdrawals
53
How many propsal COM wanted to withdraw in 2025 and 2024?
2024: 6
2025: 37 (and repreal 4)
54
four routes for trademark
national, regional (Benelxu), EU trademark, international
55
New consumer agenda (2020-2925): 5 priority areas
- Green transition: tackling the new challenges to consumer rights and opportunities for empowerment presented by the green transition, ensuring that sustainable products and lifestyles are accessible for all, regardless of geography or income;
- Digital transformation: creating a safer digital space for consumers where their rights are protected and ensuring a level playing field to enable innovation to deliver newer and better services to all Europeans;
- Effective enforcement and redress: addressing the impact of COVID-19 on consumer rights and tackling misleading green claims and unfair commercial practices in online influencing techniques and personalisation. While enforcement of consumer rights is first and foremost the responsibility of national authorities, the EU plays an important coordinating and supporting role, underpinned by the Consumer Protection Cooperation Regulation;
- Addressing specific consumer needs: taking account of the needs of consumers who, in certain situations, may be vulnerable and require extra safeguards. This may be driven by social circumstances or particular characteristics of individuals or groups of consumers;
- Consumer protection in the global context: ensuring the safety of imports and protecting EU consumers from unfair practices used by non-EU operators through market surveillance and closer cooperation with the relevant authorities in EU partner countries.
56
EU cooperation mechanism in consumer protection
- The Consumer Policy Advisory Group (CPAG) is the Commission’s main forum to consult with national and European consumer policy stakeholders with regard to the implementation of the New Consumer Agenda.
- The group complements other existing entities maintained by the Commission, notably the Consumer Protection Cooperation (CPC) Group and the Consumer Policy Network (CPN).
57
Presidents ECA, EDPS, EDPB, CoR, EESC, EPPO
ECA: Tony Murphy
EDPS: Wojciech Wiewiórowski (about to be new election)
EDPB: Anu Talus
CoR: Kata Tüttő
EESC: Oliver Röpke
EPPO: Laura Codruța Kövesi,
58
President: ESM, EEAS, EIB, Ombudsman, ECCC
ESM: Pierre Gramegna
EEAS: Belén Martínez Carbonell
EIB: Nadia Calvino
European Ombudsman: Teresa Anjinho
ECCC: Luca Tagliaretti
59
European Consensus on Development from 2017
The consensus reaffirms poverty eradication as our primary development objective, but it also integrates the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development and underlines the links between development and other European policies, including peace and security and humanitarian aid.
People
Planet
Prosperity
Peace
Partnership
60
Huminatarian Aid aims
The EU’s humanitarian action aims to
- save and preserve lives,
- prevent and alleviate human suffering and
- safeguard the integrity and dignity of populations outside the EU affected by natural disasters and human-made crises.
61
Civil protection aims
- support and complement EU Member States’ actions at national, regional and local levels in risk prevention, in preparing their civil-protection personnel and in responding to natural and human-induced disasters;
- promote swift, effective operational cooperation between national civil protection services; and
- promote consistency in international civil protection work.
62
Common fisheries policy aims
fisheries management;
international policy;
market and trade policy; and
financial support
63
CAP aim
increase agricultural productivity by promoting technical progress and ensuring the optimum use of the factors of production, in particular labour;
ensure a fair standard of living for farmers;
stabilise markets;
ensure the availability of supplies;
ensure reasonable prices for consumers.
64
Goal consumer protection
seeks to protect consumers’ health, safety and economic interests, and promote their right to information, to education and to organise themselves in order to protect their interests.
65
Goal culture policy
Based on ‘drawing inspiration from the cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe’, the objectives of the EU cultural policy are to ‘respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity, and […] ensure that Europe’s cultural heritage is safeguarded and enhanced
66
Goal development policy
Its primary objective is the reduction and, in the long term, eradication of poverty.
It promotes sustainability in all its dimensions – social, environmental, economic and political.
The EU addresses global challenges through international partnerships that uphold and promote European values and interests, and contribute to peace and prosperity in the world.
67
Aim digital single market
Under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Articles 179-180), the EU aims to open up digital opportunities for people and businesses, making full use of the potential of digital data to benefit the economy and society.
The EU aims to make its single market fit for the digital age. This means eliminating unnecessary regulatory barriers and moving from individual national markets to a single EU-wide rulebook.
68
EEA vision
By 2025, everybody should have access to quality education and training in a genuine common European learning space.
Learners and teachers should be able to move easily between education systems in different Member States, while a culture of lifelong learning should become the norm.
69
Aim energy policy (Energy union strategy)
- Diversifying the EU’s sources of energy, ranging from fossil fuels, through nuclear power, to renewables (solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydro-electric and tidal) to ensure energy security.
- Realising a fully integrated, efficient internal energy market without technical or regulatory barriers.
- Improving energy efficiency and the interconnection of energy networks, and cutting emissions
- Moving towards a low-carbon economy in line with the commitments set out in the Paris Agreement.
- Promoting research in low-carbon and clean energy technologies, and prioritising research and innovation to drive the energy transition and improve competitiveness.
70
Goal Green Deal
no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050;
economic growth decoupled from resource use;
no person and no place left behind.
71
Food Safety Aim and what it deals with
The EU’s food safety policy aims to protect consumers, while guaranteeing the smooth operation of the single market. EU legislation covers the entire food chain — ‘from farm to fork’ — in an integrated way and applying a ‘one health’ approach.
It deals with safety aspects covering primary production, hygiene conditions in food processing, packaging, labelling and official controls on food safety compliance.
72
Humanitarian principles
humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence,
73
CFP goal
The objective of the CFP is to ensure that fishing and aquaculture activities contribute to long-term environmental, economic and social sustainability. This includes ensuring
the traceability, security and quality of products marketed in the EU;
a fair standard of living for the fisheries sector, including small-scale fisheries;
stable markets;
the availability of food supplies at reasonable prices for consumers.
74
EU health aim
EU action on health issues aims to improve public health, prevent diseases and threats to health (including those related to lifestyle), as well as to promote research.
75
Approves IPCEIs
2 on batteries
2 on microelectronics
4 on hydrogen
1 on Next Gen Cloud INfrastructure
1 on Med4care, focusing on unmet medical needs
76
List on industry alliances
- Alliance for Zero-Emission Aviation
- European Raw Materials Alliance
- European Solar Photovoltaic Industry Alliance
- European Clean Hydrogen Alliance
- European Battery Alliance
- Circular Plastics Alliance
- European Alliance for Industrial Data, Edge and Cloud
- Industrial Alliance on Processors and Semiconductor Technologies
- Renewable and Low-Carbon Fuels Value Chain Industrial Alliance
- Critical Medicines Alliance
- European Industrial Alliance on SMRs
77
European Capitals of Culture 2026, 2027
2026
Oulu (Finland)
Trenčín (Slovakia)
2027
Liepāja (Latvia)
Évora (Portugal)
78
European elections stat
he elections in June saw the highest voter turnout in the last 30 years (50.74 %)
The EU’s post-electoral survey- open a new tab. shows that 7 out of 10 Europeans think that their country has benefited from EU membership, a figure that has been stable in recent years
79
European Council straetegic agenda
A free and democratic Europe.
A strong and secure Europe.
A prosperous and competitive Europe.
80
Total support for Ukraine
EUR 130 billion, among which 47 billion in military support
81
UCPM members
All EU MS + Iceland, Norway, Albania, BiH, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine
82
The nine drivers of competitiveness accordingto Single Market and Compettiiveness Report
A functioning Single Market.
Access to private capital.
Public investment and infrastructure.
Research and innovation.
Energy.
Circularity.
Digitalisation.
Education and skills.
Trade and open strategic autonomy
83
Growth in 2024
In 2024, the EU economy resumed gradual growth- open a new tab., with gross domestic product increasing by 0.9 %. Headline inflation declined to 2.6 %, down significantly from 6.4 % in 2023
84
Additional resurces from MFF revision
The Ukraine Facility – A financial assistance programme that provides continuous and predictable support to Ukraine.
The Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform – A platform- open a new tab. that promotes the EU’s sovereignty and long-term competitiveness in critical technologies, such as deep technology, clean technology and biotechnology (see Chapter 2).
Migration, external action and emergencies – Additional resources to address the internal and external challenges of migration and to maintain the EU’s capacity to react to humanitarian crises and natural disasters.
Higher NextGenerationEU funding costs – Costs have risen due to the unprecedented surge in interest rates.
85
vision for agriculture stats
€900 billion added value generated by the EU agri-food system in 2022
about 30 million jobs in the entire agri-food sector
only 12% of farmersare under 40 years old
86
vision for agriculture and food priotity ars
Attractiveness:
Competitiveness
Future-proofing
Connection: Valuing food and
fostering fair living
and working conditions
in rural areas.
87
vision for agriculture objectuves
Recognise agriculture and food as
strategic sectors
* Strengthen competitiveness and
attractiveness of the sector
* Ensure long-term growth, innovation,
and societal benefits (today, tomorrow,
and by 2040)
88
Measurws to stabilise markets under CAP
EU funding to member states to address problems in particular sectors
specific rules for international trade in agricultural products
ad-hoc intervention in times of crisis, either by governments that can purchase and store products, such as wheat, rice or milk powder, or as support to private operators to store products, such as sugar or olive oil
89
EU rual development measures under CAP
modernise farms
increase investment in infrastructure including connectivity and basic services
boost the competitiveness of the agricultural sector
ensure generational renewal in farming
90
From farm to fork strategy targets
The European Commission announced two non-legally binding pesticide reduction targets as part of the Farm to Fork Strategy in May 2020.
These are a 50% reduction in the use and risk of chemical pesticides and a 50% reduction in the use of more hazardous pesticides.
Each year, the Commission will publish progress at European Union level towards meeting both targets.
91
Farm to fork strategy
have a neutral or positive environmental impact
help to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts
reverse the loss of biodiversity
ensure food security, nutrition and public health, making sure that everyone has access to sufficient, safe, nutritious, sustainable food
preserve affordability of food while generating fairer economic returns, fostering competitiveness of the EU supply sector and promoting fair trade
92
EU competenyc mmigration : legal, intehration, irregular, readmission
Regular immigration: The EU has the authority to establish the conditions for entry and legal residence in a Member State, including for family-reunification purposes, applicable to nationals of non-EU countries. Member States retain the right to set quotas for admitting individuals from non-EU countries seeking employment.
Integration: The EU may provide incentives and support for measures taken by Member States to promote the integration of legally resident non-EU nationals; EU law makes no provision for the harmonisation of national laws and regulations, however.
Combating irregular immigration: The European Union is required to prevent and reduce irregular immigration, in particular by means of an effective returns policy, in a manner consistent with fundamental rights.
Readmission agreements: The European Union is competent to reach agreements with countries outside the EU for the readmission to their country of origin or provenance of non-EU nationals who do not fulfil or no longer fulfil the conditions for entry into, or presence or residence in, a Member State.
93
Objective migration policy
Defining a balanced approach to immigration: The EU aims to establish a balanced approach to managing regular immigration and combating irregular immigration.
It is the EU’s aim to establish a uniform level of rights and obligations for regular immigrants, comparable to that for EU citizens.
94
Data controller and Data processor and scope of GDPR
The data controller determines the purposes for which and the means by which personal data is processed.
The data processor processes personal data on behalf of the controller, on that controller’s documented instructions.
A controller or a processor, such as an individual or a private or public organisation, established in the EU which processes personal data as part of its activities, regardless of whether the data is processed in the EU; and
A controller or a processor, such as an individual or a private or public organisation, established outside the EU when it is offering goods/services (paid or for free) to individuals in the EU or monitoring the behaviour of individuals in the EU.
95
Principles of data protection under GDPR
Lawfulness, fairness and transparency
Purpose limitation
Data minimisation
Storage limitation
Accuracy
Integrity and confidentiality
Accountability
96
Right of individuals iunder GDPR
Right to be informed
Right of access
Right to rectification
Right to erasure
Right to restriction of processing
Right to data portability
Right to object
Rights in relation to automated decision-making and profiling
Junior Professionals Programme
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
-
Security, Migration26
-
EU budget and main financial instruments94
-
Economy, employment, social policies60
-
Justice, democracy, equality, EAC21
-
Digital, tech, space, Digit, competition61
-
Climate, Environment89
-
EU external action101
-
EU institutions119
-
Statistics about EU97
-
EU LAW & history155
-
2024-2029 mandate40
-
Cohesion & Neighbourhood10
-
Priorities and targets of All policy areas27
-
Targets policies9
-
Miscellaneous96
-
Facstheets19
-
Learning book31
