CSE > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ardent spirits, and what does the word ardent mean?

A

Ardent Spirits is the historical name for spirits. The word ardent comes from the Latin word “to burn” referring to the use of heat in distillation.

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2
Q

Where does the word alcohol come from?

A

The Arabic al-ko’hol, meaning spirit.

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3
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

An organic chemical in which a hydroxyl (OH) radical is affixed to a carbon atom. It may be bound to other carbon atoms and single hydrogen atoms.

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4
Q

What is the type of potable alcohol found in alcoholic beverages?

A

Ethyl Alcohol

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5
Q

Who was Jean-Baptiste Cellier-Blumenthal?

A

A French distiller who built the first operating distillation column in 1813.

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6
Q

What base material was most commonly used by the still patented by Jean-Baptiste Cellier-Blumenthal?

A

Wine.

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7
Q

Who was Robert Stein?

A

A Scottish whiskey producer who patented an early continuous column still in 1826.

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8
Q

Who was Aeneas Coffey?

A

Patented a version of the column still in 1830 in Dublin (although used mainly in London and Scotland).

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9
Q

What is John Dore & Co.?

A

A leading British maker of stills, formerly owned by Coffey.

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10
Q

Where does the term distill come from?

A

The Latin word destillare, which means “trickle down”.

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11
Q

What does alembic mean?

A

It is the Arabic word for a still.

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12
Q

What were some of the oldest discovered remains of fermented beverages and where were the found?

A

Aromatized wines, in China (1250 BCE) ad Iran (5400 BCE)

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13
Q

What was Hippocras?

A

A wine infused with wormwood (artemisia absinthium) highly sought after in ancient Greco-Roman cultures.

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14
Q

What was Hippocras consumed as?

A

A stimulant and restorative, deemed to have healthy and invigorating tonic effects.

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15
Q

What is the Standard of Identity “Distilled Spirits - Specialty Products?

A

The newest Standard of Identity in the US, for spirits that fall outside the more defined categories. Often included additives not allowed under more specific classifications.

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16
Q

What is Acetaldehyde?

A

An organic compound closely related to ethanol, an intermediate product of all alcoholic fermentations.

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17
Q

What are some smells associated with Acetaldehyde?

A

Solvent-like
Green apple

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18
Q

Is Acetaldehyde considered a an off-flavor in spirits?

A

In large amounts, yes. In small amounts, it is an important part of the flavor in some spirits.

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19
Q

What effect does Acetaldehyde have on the mouthfeel of a spirit?

A

It generally contributes positively to mouthfeel, adds texture.

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20
Q

In what types of spirits does Acetaldehyde play a particularly important part in the flavor?

A

Whiskies.

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21
Q

Which is more volatile, Acetaldehyde or ethanol?

A

Acetaldehyde.

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22
Q

What are some ways to minimize Acetaldehyde?

A
  1. Making sure all of the yeast can fully complete the fermentation process.
  2. Removal through distillation (with the heads).
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23
Q

What is an aldehyde?

A

An organic compound created by the oxidation of alcohols.

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24
Q

What wines and spirits have high levels of aldehydes?

A

Oloroso Sherry
Madeira
Cognac
Armagnac.

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25
What is an azeotrope?
A liquid compound whose boiling point is either above or below those of its component parts, meaning that its proportions cannot be altered by simple distillation.
26
Why is it impossible to make 100 percent alcohol from an ethanol and water compound?
Because it is an azeotrope. The final portion of water can only be removed by breaking the azeotrope (eg with a vacuum or other additives).
27
How many different fusel oils made by yeast have been identified?
40.
28
What conditions contribute to higher concentrations of fusel oils?
Fermentation conditions favorable for yeast growth, e.g. higher temperatures or increased oxygen or nitrogen.
29
What types of aromas/flavors can be contributed by fusel oils?
Winery, fruity, banana or floral notes.
30
What types of aromas/flavors can be contributed by esters?
Fruit or flowery characteristics such as strawberry, apple, banana, pineapple, lilac, or pear.
31
How many different esters from fermentation have been identified?
As many as 90.
32
What are Carbonyls?
Various aldehydes, diacetyl, and vicinal diketones.
33
How many Carbonyls have been identified?
Over 200.
34
How many different organic and fatty acids have been identified in yeast?
Over 110.
35
What do organic and fatty acids provide to spirits?
Structure.
36
What smell is associated with sulfur dioxide?
Burnt matches
37
What smell is associated with Hydrogen Sulfide?
Rotten Eggs
38
What smell is associated with Dimethyl Sulfide?
Cabbage
39
What smell is associated with Mercaptans?
Rubber
40
What is an ester?
A compound produced by the chemical reaction between acids and alcohol.
41
What are some factors that influence the creation of esters during fermentation?
Base ingredient Fermentation temperature and length Yeast strain used Climate
42
What are the two classifications of Esters?
Acetate Esters (acetate plus alcohol) Ethyl Esters (Ethanol plus fatty acid).
43
What is Ethyl Hexanoate?
An ester with an aroma commonly described as apple.
44
What is Ethyl Acetate?
An ester that can contribute both fruity and nail-polish aromas.
45
What aromas can be contributed by Ethyl Lactate?
Butter and cream
46
What aromas and flavors can be attributed to Ethyl cinnamate?
Cinnamon
47
What aromas can come from Isoamyl Acetate?
Banana and Pear
48
What aromas can come from Isobutyl Acetate?
Cherry and Berries.
49
What happens to most of the lighter esters during distillation?
Most are removed.
50
What spirits typically have higher levels of esters?
Highly acidified Cognac Bourbon Many rums.
51
Besides fermentation, where may other esters come from?
Barrel aging.
52
What are some of the esters produced through barrel aging.
Honey, spices, cinnamon.
53
How does length of aging effect ester production?
Generally, the longer a spirit is aged in a barrel, the more esters it will have.
54
What is Tannin?
A Polyphenol found in red wines and barrel-aged spirits.
55
What effect does Tannin have on a spirit/wine?
Adds bitterness and astringency.
56
Which type of oak is seen to have more "aggressive" tannins?
American
57
What are Phenols?
A group of volatile aromatic compounds that give many of the most pungent spirits their characteristic flavor.
58
What is the chemical make-up of a phenol?
A hydroxyl group bonded with an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
59
How are Phenols imparted into spirits?
As Congeners, barrel extracts, or components of added botanicals.
60
What are some spirits with prominent levels of Phenols?
Islay Scotch whiskies High Ester Pot Still Jamaica Rums and Martinique Rums Pomace brandies Mescal and some Tequilas Sauce-Aroma style Baijius.
61
What are some spirits that have high levels of botanical-derived Phenols?
Italian amari French aperitifs Aromatic bitters Gin (particularly Juniper berries)
62
What are Phenol Aldehydes?
Compounds with properties characteristic of both Phenols and aldehydes.
63
What is a common Phenol Aldehyde in spirits?
Vanilla
64
What is Berry Bros. & Rudd?
Britain's oldest wine and spirit merchant, founded in 1698.
65
What is Bols?
The leading Dutch spirits company known for Genever and other liqueurs.
66
When was Bols founded?
Sometime between 1575 and 1640.
67
What is Brown Forman?
One of the world's biggest liquor companies.
68
When was Brown Forman founded?
The 1870s.
69
What is Cooper Spirits Co?
A spirits company founded in 2006, with St. Germain as its marquee product. Now sells other products, St. Germain was sold to Bacardi.
70
What brands are owned by Cooper Spirits Co.?
Creme Yvette Lock Stock & Barrel rye whisky Hochstadtler' s Slow & Low Rock and Rye.
71
What is De Kuyper?
A Dutch liqueur and genever producer founded in 1695.
72
Who currently owns De Kuyper's American operation?
Beam-Suntory.
73
How are most of De Kuyper's and Bols' liqueurs currently produced?
Outsourced to flavor houses and third parties.
74
What is Diageo?
The world's largest spirits company, formed in 1997 in the UK when Guinness and Grand Metropolitan merged.
75
What type of spirits does Diageo have a particularly impressive collection of?
Scotch whiskies.
76
Where does the name Diageo come from?
A mashup of the Greek word for "through" (dia) and the root of the Greek name for the earth (geo).
77
What did Diageo have to do to get approval for the merger that formed the company?
Sell Dewar's and Bombay Gin to Bacardi
78
What is E & A Scheer?
A Dutch firm dealing in much of the global rum trade and all of the trade of Batavia Arrack.
79
When was E & A Scheer founded?
1773
80
What company did E & A Scheer acquire in 2001?
Main Rum Co.
81
What is Haus Alpenz?
An American specialty wine and spirits importer based in Minnesota, founded in 2005.
82
What type of spirits are generally imported by Haus Alpenz?
Esoteric spirits and spirits long absent from the American market, as well as spirits that lack mass-market appeal but are highly desired by mixologists.
83
What is the largest independent family-owned distillery in the US?
Heaven Hill
84
What is the largest producer of beverage alcohol in North America?
Hiram Walker and Sons.
85
When was the Hiram Walker and Sons distillery in Windsor established?
1858.
86
Which Canadian distillery remained profitable during Prohibition due to its status as a bootlegging hub?
Hiram Walker and Sons.
87
Who currently owns Hiram Walker and Sons?
Pernod Ricard.
88
What brands are made by Hiram Walker?
Corby Wiser's Canadian Club (owned by Beam Suntory)
89
Besides Maraschino Liqueur, what are some other spirits produced by Luxardo?
Sambuca Amaretto Fernet Limoncello Grappa
90
What is Pernod-Ricard?
A French-based multinational corporation, the second largest wine and spirits producer after Diageo.
91
When was Pernod-Ricard founded?
1975, after a merger between Pernod and Ricard.
92
What was the first overseas company purchased by Pernod-Ricard?
Wild Turkey in 1980.
93
When did Pernod-Ricard acquire Irish Distillers Ltd?
1988
94
Who sponsors BarSmarts?
Pernod-Ricard.
95
What is the Sazerac Co.?
A US based spirits producer in Metairie, Louisiana.
96
When was the Sazerac Company founded?
1919, after reorganizing the Thomas H. Handy Co.
97
What was the Seagram Company Ltd?
A dominant name in the spirits business in the 20th Century.
98
When and where was Seagrams founded?
The early 1920s in a suburb of Montreal.
99
When did Seagram sell off its spirits business?
In 2000.
100
What is Stock Spirits Group?
A multinational spirits producer focused on markets in central and eastern Europe.
101
When and where was the Stock Spirits Group founded?
1884 in Trieste (at the time part of the Austro-Hungarian empire)
102
Where is the Stock Spirit Group currently based?
The UK, with production facilities in Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic.
103
What type of spirits are produced by the Stock Spirit Group?
Vermouths, liqueurs, vodkas, and other spirits.
104
What is Suntory?
The leading Japanese drinks company, now the world's third largest distiller.
105
What happens to acidty when the pH drops?
The acidity increases.
106
What does acidity add to alcoholic beverages?
Flavor, texture and structure,
107
What is an acid?
A compound with the ability to donate a hydrogen compound, or Proton, to another.
108
What are the three basic physiological effects of acids?
Increases salvation Stimulates the appetite Refreshes the taste buds.
109
What is titratable acidity?
A term for the overall acidity of something, rather than just the pH.
110
What are the main types of acids?
Citric Malic Tartaric Ascorbic Lactic
111
What flavor does succinic acid, found in lime, contribute?
A bitter salty flavor.
112
What is the difference between infusion and maceration?
Infusion is typically a quick technique of adding flavors to water or alcohol, while maceration is a longer and more complex process.
113
What is a way that spirits can get a bright yellow color?
Infusing turmeric or saffron in alcohol.
114
How are spirits able to get a red color?
Infusing alcohol with cherries, elderberries or cochineal.
115
What is a hydrometer?
A device to determine the exact strength of a distilled spirit.
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